الميزانية الهندسية

      اﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ

      اﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ

Engineering Leveling

Engineering Leveling

أ

أ

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 .

د

د

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  /

 ﺳﻌﻴﺪ اﻟﻤﻐﺮﺑﻰ

 ﺳﻌﻴﺪ اﻟﻤﻐﺮﺑﻰ

   ﻗﺴﻢ ﻣﺪﻧﻰ

   ﻗﺴﻢ ﻣﺪﻧﻰ

-

-

  هﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻷزهﺮ

  هﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻷزهﺮ

           ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮات اﻹﻟﻴﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ

           ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮات اﻹﻟﻴﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ

E 

E 

–

–

 

Learning courses

Learning courses

٢

٢

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

  اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎت

  اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎت

                  اﻟﺒﺎب اﻷول

                  اﻟﺒﺎب اﻷول

:

:

          أهﻤﻴﺔ وأهﺪاف وﻃﺮق ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ

          أهﻤﻴﺔ وأهﺪاف وﻃﺮق ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ

                اﻟﺒﺎب اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ

                اﻟﺒﺎب اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ

:

:

   اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮة ﻟﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﻴﺐ

   اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮة ﻟﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﻴﺐ

                 اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻷول

                 اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻷول

:

:

               اﻷدوات واﻷﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻰ أﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ

               اﻷدوات واﻷﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻰ أﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ

               اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ

               اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ

:

:

       اﻟﺘﺮآﻴﺐ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻰ واﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺰان

       اﻟﺘﺮآﻴﺐ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻰ واﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺰان

               اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ

               اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ

:

:

     اﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻷﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ

     اﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻷﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ

               اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ

               اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ

 :

 :

    اﻷﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﺤﻘﻠﻴﺔ

    اﻷﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﺤﻘﻠﻴﺔ

)

)

     اﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ واﻟﻀﺒﻂ اﻟﻤﺆﻗﺖ واﻟﺮﺻﺪ

     اﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ واﻟﻀﺒﻂ اﻟﻤﺆﻗﺖ واﻟﺮﺻﺪ

(

(

              اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ

              اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ

   :

   :

         ﻃﺮق ﺗﺪوﻳﻦ وﺣﺴﺎب أرﺻﺎد اﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ

         ﻃﺮق ﺗﺪوﻳﻦ وﺣﺴﺎب أرﺻﺎد اﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ

             اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺴﺎدس

             اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺴﺎدس

 :

 :

     أﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻳﺮة واﻟﻀﺒﻂ اﻟﺪاﺋﻢ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺰان

     أﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻳﺮة واﻟﻀﺒﻂ اﻟﺪاﺋﻢ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺰان

                 اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ

                 اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ

 :

 :

     اﺣﺘﻴﺎﻃﺎت ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ أﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ

     اﺣﺘﻴﺎﻃﺎت ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ أﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ

              اﻟﺒﺎب اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ

              اﻟﺒﺎب اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ

:

:

    اﻟﻄﺮق اﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة ﻟﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﻴﺐ

    اﻟﻄﺮق اﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة ﻟﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﻴﺐ

              اﻟﺒﺎب اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ

              اﻟﺒﺎب اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ

:

:

                 ﻓﻜﺮة ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ أدوات اﻟﻤﻮازﻳﻦ اﻟﺒﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﻓﻰ أﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ

                 ﻓﻜﺮة ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ أدوات اﻟﻤﻮازﻳﻦ اﻟﺒﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﻓﻰ أﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ

                                     اﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ واﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎرﻳﺔ

                                     اﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ واﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎرﻳﺔ

٣

٣

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

    اﻟﺒﺎب اﻷول

    اﻟﺒﺎب اﻷول

 

 

            أهﻤﻴﺔ وأهﺪاف وﻃﺮق ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ

            أهﻤﻴﺔ وأهﺪاف وﻃﺮق ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ

٤

٤

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

          ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ اﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ

          ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ اﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ

  

  

 اﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ هﻰ اﻟﺘﻰ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ارﺗﻔﺎع واﻧﺨﻔﺎض ا

 اﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ هﻰ اﻟﺘﻰ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ارﺗﻔﺎع واﻧﺨﻔﺎض ا

    ﻟﻨﻘﺎط

    ﻟﻨﻘﺎط

   اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ وآﺬﻟﻚ ﻋﻼﻗﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﻤﺴﺘﻮى ﻣﺮﺟﻌﻰ

   اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ وآﺬﻟﻚ ﻋﻼﻗﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﻤﺴﺘﻮى ﻣﺮﺟﻌﻰ

)

)

  ﻣﺴﺘﻮى

  ﻣﺴﺘﻮى

 ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ

 ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ

  (

  (

ﺛﺎﺑﺖ

ﺛﺎﺑﺖ

.

.

        ﻳﺆﺧﺬ ﻋﺎدة ﻣﻨﺴﻮب ﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ هﻮ اﻟﻤﻨﺴﻮب اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻟﺴﻄﺢ اﻟﺒﺤﺮ

        ﻳﺆﺧﺬ ﻋﺎدة ﻣﻨﺴﻮب ﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ هﻮ اﻟﻤﻨﺴﻮب اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻟﺴﻄﺢ اﻟﺒﺤﺮ

(Mean Sea Level MSL)

(Mean Sea Level MSL)

   ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪار اﻟﻌﺎم

   ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪار اﻟﻌﺎم

.

.

 ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻼﻗﺔ ﻳﺆﺧﺬ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ

 ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻼﻗﺔ ﻳﺆﺧﺬ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ

   هﻮ

   هﻮ

    اﻟﻤﻨﺴﻮب اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻟﺴﻄﺢ اﻟﺒﺤﺮ وﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﻴﺐ اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺳﺔ أﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﻴ

    اﻟﻤﻨﺴﻮب اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻟﺴﻄﺢ اﻟﺒﺤﺮ وﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﻴﺐ اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺳﺔ أﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﻴ

 ﺐ

 ﺐ

ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺔ

ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺔ

 .

 .

       أﻣﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﺪودة ﻳﺆﺧﺬ ﻋﺎدة ﻣﺴﺘﻮى ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ

       أﻣﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﺪودة ﻳﺆﺧﺬ ﻋﺎدة ﻣﺴﺘﻮى ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ

    ﻣﺤﻠﻰ

    ﻣﺤﻠﻰ

)

)

 اﻓﺘﺮاﺿﻰ

 اﻓﺘﺮاﺿﻰ

 (

 (

 وﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﻴﺐ اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺳﺔ أﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﻴﺐ ﻣﺤﻠﻴﺔ

 وﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﻴﺐ اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺳﺔ أﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﻴﺐ ﻣﺤﻠﻴﺔ

.

.

٥

٥

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

                  أهﻤﻴﺔ وأهﺪاف أﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ

                  أهﻤﻴﺔ وأهﺪاف أﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ

 أهﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ

 أهﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ

  :

  :

١

١

-

-

      ﻣﻦ أهﻢ اﻷﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﻴﺔ

      ﻣﻦ أهﻢ اﻷﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﻴﺔ

٢

٢

-

-

     هﻰ اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻰ

     هﻰ اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻰ

)

)

     اﻟﻤﺒﺪﺋﻰ واﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻰ

     اﻟﻤﺒﺪﺋﻰ واﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻰ

 (

 (

    ﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻋﻤﺎل اﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ

    ﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻋﻤﺎل اﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ

       اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ أﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻰ

       اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ أﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻰ

–

–

    اﻟﻄﺮق

    اﻟﻄﺮق

–

–

           اﻟﺴﻜﻚ اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪﻳﺔ واﻟﻜﺒﺎرى

           اﻟﺴﻜﻚ اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪﻳﺔ واﻟﻜﺒﺎرى

–

–

 

 

        ﻣﺸﺎرﻳﻊ أﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ واﻟﺼﺮف وﺧﻼﻓﺔ

        ﻣﺸﺎرﻳﻊ أﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ واﻟﺼﺮف وﺧﻼﻓﺔ

  أهﺪاﻓﻬﺎ

  أهﺪاﻓﻬﺎ

  :

  :

١

١

-

-

             ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ورﺑﻂ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﻴﺐ اﻟﻨﻘﺎط اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ

             ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ورﺑﻂ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﻴﺐ اﻟﻨﻘﺎط اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ

٢

٢

-

-

           رﺳﻢ اﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎت اﻟﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ واﻟﻌﺮﺿﻴﺔ

           رﺳﻢ اﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎت اﻟﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ واﻟﻌﺮﺿﻴﺔ

٣

٣

-

-

        رﺳﻢ اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ اﻟﻜﻨﺘﻮرﻳﺔ

        رﺳﻢ اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ اﻟﻜﻨﺘﻮرﻳﺔ

٤

٤

-

-

         ﺣﺴﺎب ﻣﻜﻌﺒﺎت اﻟﺤﻔﺮ واﻟﺮدم

         ﺣﺴﺎب ﻣﻜﻌﺒﺎت اﻟﺤﻔﺮ واﻟﺮدم

٦

٦

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

        ﻃﺮق ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ

        ﻃﺮق ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ

leveling methods

leveling methods

    ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﻃﺮق ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﻰ

    ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﻃﺮق ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﻰ

:

:

١

١

-

-

     اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮة ﻟﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﻴﺐ

     اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮة ﻟﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﻴﺐ

Direct leveling 

Direct leveling 

:

:

        وﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻲ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﻔﺮﻗﻴﺔ

        وﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻲ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﻔﺮﻗﻴﺔ

Spirit or Differential leveling

Spirit or Differential leveling

  

  

    وﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ هﻰ اﻷدق وﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﺷﺮﺣﻬﺎ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻼ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺒﺎب اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ

    وﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ هﻰ اﻷدق وﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﺷﺮﺣﻬﺎ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻼ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺒﺎب اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ

.

.

٢

٢

-

-

      ﻃﺮق ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة ﻟﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﻴﺐ

      ﻃﺮق ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة ﻟﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﻴﺐ

Indirect leveling 

Indirect leveling 

:

:

 

 

 وﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ اﻟﻰ

 وﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ اﻟﻰ

             

             

١

١

-

-

   اﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺜﻠﺜﻴﺔ

   اﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺜﻠﺜﻴﺔ

Trigonometric leveling

Trigonometric leveling

 

 

             

             

٢

٢

-

-

    اﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﺒﺎروﻣﺘﺮﻳﺔ

    اﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﺒﺎروﻣﺘﺮﻳﺔ

Barometric leveling

Barometric leveling

 

 

٣

٣

-

-

      اﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻴﺔ

      اﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻴﺔ

Hydrostatic leveling

Hydrostatic leveling

 

 

             

             

٤

٤

-

-

            اﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام أﺟﻬﺰة اﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎل اﻻﻗﻤﺎر اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ

            اﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام أﺟﻬﺰة اﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎل اﻻﻗﻤﺎر اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ

GPS

GPS

 

 

         وﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﺷﺮح هﺬﻩ اﻟﻄﺮق  ﺑﺼﻮرة ﻣﻮﺟﺰة ﻓﻰ اﻟﺒﺎب اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ

         وﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﺷﺮح هﺬﻩ اﻟﻄﺮق  ﺑﺼﻮرة ﻣﻮﺟﺰة ﻓﻰ اﻟﺒﺎب اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ

.

.

٧

٧

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

        اﻟﺒﺎب اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ

        اﻟﺒﺎب اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ

             اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮة ﻟﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﻴﺐ

             اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮة ﻟﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﻴﺐ

   

   

Direct leveling method

Direct leveling method

٨

٨

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

       اﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﻔﺮﻗﻴﺔ

       اﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﻔﺮﻗﻴﺔ

 

 

s leveling

s leveling

’

’

Spirit / Differential / Ordinary / Engineer

Spirit / Differential / Ordinary / Engineer

          ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ هﻰ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻷدق ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﻴﺐ اﻟﻨﻘﻂ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﻴﺔ

          ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ هﻰ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻷدق ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﻴﺐ اﻟﻨﻘﻂ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﻴﺔ

   .

   .

           ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﻘﻴﺎس ﻋﻠﻰ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام

           ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﻘﻴﺎس ﻋﻠﻰ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام

 :

 :

 

 

I

I

-

-

    ﺟﻬﺎز

    ﺟﻬﺎز

)

)

 اﻟﻤﻴﺰان

 اﻟﻤﻴﺰان

(

(

      وﻳﺤﺘﻮى ﻋﻠﻰ

      وﻳﺤﺘﻮى ﻋﻠﻰ

:

:

              

              

-

-

         ﺗﻠﻴﺴﻜﻮب ﻣﺰود ﺑﻌﺪﺳﺎت ﺑﺼﺮﻳﺔ

         ﺗﻠﻴﺴﻜﻮب ﻣﺰود ﺑﻌﺪﺳﺎت ﺑﺼﺮﻳﺔ

              

              

-

-

              ﻣﻴﺰان ﺗﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﻤﻴﺰان ﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ اﻟﺮاﺻﺪ ﻓﻰ ﺧﻂ

              ﻣﻴﺰان ﺗﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﻤﻴﺰان ﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ اﻟﺮاﺻﺪ ﻓﻰ ﺧﻂ

                     اﻓﻘﻰ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻂ  ﺟﺎذﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﺮاﺻﺪ

                     اﻓﻘﻰ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻂ  ﺟﺎذﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﺮاﺻﺪ

.

.

II

II

-

-

   ﺣﺎﻣﻞ ﺛﻼﺛﻰ

   ﺣﺎﻣﻞ ﺛﻼﺛﻰ

     ﺧﺸﺒﻰ أو ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻰ ﻳﺮﺗﻜﺰ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان

     ﺧﺸﺒﻰ أو ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻰ ﻳﺮﺗﻜﺰ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان

  ،

  ،

     واﻟﺤﺎﻣﻞ  ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع

     واﻟﺤﺎﻣﻞ  ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع

      ﻟﻴﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى ﺧﻂ ﻧﻈﺮ اﻟﺮاﺻﺪ

      ﻟﻴﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى ﺧﻂ ﻧﻈﺮ اﻟﺮاﺻﺪ

 .

 .

 

 

III

III

-

-

  ﻗﺎﻣﺔ

  ﻗﺎﻣﺔ

                  ﺧﺸﺒﻴﺔ أو ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ وهﻰ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﻣﺴﻄﺮة ﻣﺪرﺟﺔ اﻟﻰ اﻣﺘﺎر ودﻳﺴﻴﻤﺘﺮات

                  ﺧﺸﺒﻴﺔ أو ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ وهﻰ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﻣﺴﻄﺮة ﻣﺪرﺟﺔ اﻟﻰ اﻣﺘﺎر ودﻳﺴﻴﻤﺘﺮات

 وﺳﻨﺘﻴﻤﺘﺮات

 وﺳﻨﺘﻴﻤﺘﺮات

.

.

٩

٩

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

 اﻟﺒﺎب اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ

 اﻟﺒﺎب اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ

–

–

 اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻷول

 اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻷول

      اﻷدوات واﻷﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻰ أﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ

      اﻷدوات واﻷﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻰ أﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ

٠١

٠١

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

I

I

-

-

 

 

                 أﻧﻮاع اﻟﻤﻮازﻳﻦ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ

                 أﻧﻮاع اﻟﻤﻮازﻳﻦ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ

Kinds of Levels

Kinds of Levels

 

 

          ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ اﻟﻤﻮازﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ واﻟﺘﺮآﻴﺐ اﻟﻰ

          ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ اﻟﻤﻮازﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ واﻟﺘﺮآﻴﺐ اﻟﻰ

:

:

١

١

-

-

  ﻣﻴﺰان دﻣﺒﻰ

  ﻣﻴﺰان دﻣﺒﻰ

Dumpy Level

Dumpy Level

٢

٢

-

-

     ﻣﻴﺰان ذات اﻹﻣﺎﻟﺔ

     ﻣﻴﺰان ذات اﻹﻣﺎﻟﺔ

Tilting Level

Tilting Level

٣

٣

-

-

  ﻣﻴﺰان دﻗﻴﻖ او ﻣﻴﺰان ﺟﻴﻮدﻳﺴﻰ

  ﻣﻴﺰان دﻗﻴﻖ او ﻣﻴﺰان ﺟﻴﻮدﻳﺴﻰ

Precise or Geodetic level

Precise or Geodetic level

 

 

٤

٤

-

-

     ﻣﻴﺰان أﺗﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﻜﻰ

     ﻣﻴﺰان أﺗﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﻜﻰ

Automatic or Self

Automatic or Self

-

-

leveling Level

leveling Level

٥

٥

-

-

     ﻣﻴﺰان اﻟﻠﻴﺰر

     ﻣﻴﺰان اﻟﻠﻴﺰر

Laser Level

Laser Level

٦

٦

-

-

      اﻟﻤﻴﺰان اﻟﺮﻗﻤﻰ

      اﻟﻤﻴﺰان اﻟﺮﻗﻤﻰ

)

)

    اﻹﻟﻴﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻰ

    اﻹﻟﻴﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻰ

(

(

                       

                       

Electronic Digital (Bar

Electronic Digital (Bar

-

-

code) Level  

code) Level  

٧

٧

-

-

          اﻟﺘﻴﻮدوﻟﻴﺖ وﻣﺤﻄﺔ اﻷرﺻﺎد اﻟﻤﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ

          اﻟﺘﻴﻮدوﻟﻴﺖ وﻣﺤﻄﺔ اﻷرﺻﺎد اﻟﻤﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ

 .

 .

١١

١١

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

”

”

 ﺗﺎﺑﻊ

 ﺗﺎﺑﻊ

“

“

 

 

              أﻧﻮاع اﻟﻤﻮازﻳﻦ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ

              أﻧﻮاع اﻟﻤﻮازﻳﻦ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ

 

 

       آﻤﺎ ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ اﻟﻤﻮازﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ اﻟﺪﻗﺔ  ﺗﺒﻌﺎ ﻟ

       آﻤﺎ ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ اﻟﻤﻮازﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ اﻟﺪﻗﺔ  ﺗﺒﻌﺎ ﻟ

  ﻘﻮة ﺗﻜﺒﻴﺮ

  ﻘﻮة ﺗﻜﺒﻴﺮ

      اﻟﻤﻨﻈﺎر وﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺔ

      اﻟﻤﻨﻈﺎر وﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺔ

   ﻓﻘﺎﻋﺔ

   ﻓﻘﺎﻋﺔ

   ﻣﻴﺰان

   ﻣﻴﺰان

  اﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ

  اﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ

 اﻟﻰ

 اﻟﻰ

:

:

  ا

  ا

-

-

   ﻣﻴﺰان دﻗﻴﻖ

   ﻣﻴﺰان دﻗﻴﻖ

 

 

Precise Level

Precise Level

:

:

    ﻣﻴﺰان ذات

    ﻣﻴﺰان ذات

     ﻗﻮة ﺗﻜﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ

     ﻗﻮة ﺗﻜﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ

    وﻣﻴﺰان ﺗﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻰ

    وﻣﻴﺰان ﺗﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻰ

       اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺳﻴﺔ وﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻓﻰ

       اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺳﻴﺔ وﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻓﻰ

  اﻷﻋﻤﺎل

  اﻷﻋﻤﺎل

   اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ

   اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ

   اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ دﻗﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ

   اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ دﻗﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ

   ) 

   ) 

  ﻣﺜﻞ ﻧﻘﻞ

  ﻣﺜﻞ ﻧﻘﻞ

   ﻣﻨﺴﻮب

   ﻣﻨﺴﻮب

اﻟﺮوﺑﻴﺮات

اﻟﺮوﺑﻴﺮات

           اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﻴﺔ وأﻋﻤﺎل ﻗﻴﺎس هﺒﻮط اﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻰ واﻟﻜﺒﺎرى اﻟﻤﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ

           اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﻴﺔ وأﻋﻤﺎل ﻗﻴﺎس هﺒﻮط اﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻰ واﻟﻜﺒﺎرى اﻟﻤﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ

(

(

 .

 .

 ب

 ب

-

-

 

 

 

 

ﻣﻴﺰان

ﻣﻴﺰان

       ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﺪﻗﺔ

       ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﺪﻗﺔ

  

  

Medium Accurate level

Medium Accurate level

 

 

:

:

   وه

   وه

 ﻮ

 ﻮ

        أﻗﻞ دﻗﺔ ﻣﻦ

        أﻗﻞ دﻗﺔ ﻣﻦ

  اﻟﻤﻴﺰان

  اﻟﻤﻴﺰان

 اﻟﺪﻗﻴﻖ

 اﻟﺪﻗﻴﻖ

  

  

وﻳ

وﻳ

    ﺴﺘﺨﺪم

    ﺴﺘﺨﺪم

ﻓﻰ

ﻓﻰ

    ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ

    ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ

 ) 

 ) 

        ﻣﺜﻞ أﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻰ واﻟﻤﻨﺸﺂت

        ﻣﺜﻞ أﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻰ واﻟﻤﻨﺸﺂت

 اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ

 اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ

.( 

.( 

   ـﺟ

   ـﺟ

-

-

 

 

 

 

     ﻣﻴﺰان ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ اﻟﺪﻗﺔ

     ﻣﻴﺰان ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ اﻟﺪﻗﺔ

Low accuracy Level

Low accuracy Level

 

 

:

:

 

 

        أﻗﻠﻬﻢ دﻗﺔ وﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻓﻰ

        أﻗﻠﻬﻢ دﻗﺔ وﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻓﻰ

اﻟ

اﻟ

  ﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ

  ﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ

 اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ

 اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ

 

 

          ذات اﻟﺪﻗﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﺪودة

          ذات اﻟﺪﻗﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﺪودة

 )

 )

              ﻣﺜﻞ أﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻄﺮق وأﻋﻤﺎل ﺣﺴﺎب

              ﻣﺜﻞ أﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻄﺮق وأﻋﻤﺎل ﺣﺴﺎب

            ﻣﻜﻌﺒﺎت اﻟﺤﻔﺮ واﻟﺮدم واﻟﻤﻨﺸﺂت اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ذات اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺎت اﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮة

            ﻣﻜﻌﺒﺎت اﻟﺤﻔﺮ واﻟﺮدم واﻟﻤﻨﺸﺂت اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ذات اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺎت اﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮة

(

(

.

.

٢١

٢١

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

١

١

-

-

       ﻣﻴﺰان دﻣﺒﻰ

       ﻣﻴﺰان دﻣﺒﻰ

 

 

Dumpy Level

Dumpy Level

-

       اﻷآﺜﺮ اﻟﻤﻮازﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﺎ ﻟﺘﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻻرﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎت واﻻﻧﺨﻔﺎﺿﺎت ﻓﻰ اﻷﻋﻤﺎ

    ل اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ

          اﻻﻋﺘﻴﺎدﻳﺔ و ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ أﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ اﺳﻢ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ أو ﻣﻴﺰان اﻟﻤﺒﺎ

 ﻧﻰ

Builder's 

or Engineer's Level

-

      اﻟﻤﻨﻈﺎر واﻟﺪاﺋﺮة اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﺒﺘﻴﻦ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻤﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ

 .

-

               ﻓﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻤﻮازﻳﻦ اﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺎت اﻟﺒﺼﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻘﻠﻮﺑﺔ وﻟﺬا

   ﺗﺤﺘﺎج

   ﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﻣﻘﻠﻮﺑﺔ أﺛﻨﺎء اﻟﺮﺻﺪ

.

Baker, London, England

Sokkia, Japan

٣١

٣١

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

٢

٢

-

-

        ﻣﻴﺰان ذات اﻹﻣﺎﻟﺔ

        ﻣﻴﺰان ذات اﻹﻣﺎﻟﺔ

 

 

Tilting Level

Tilting Level

-

           ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ اﻟﻤﻨﻈﺎر أو إﻣﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﻗﻠﻴﻼ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻮر اﻟﺮأﺳﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺰا

ن

 .

 

-

                   ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻓﻰ اﻷﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ اﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ وﻳﺤﺘﺎج ﻣﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ واﻟﻤﺠﻬﻮ

  د واﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ

.

Cooke, England

Cooke, England

.

.

Wild 

Wild 

(

(

Switzerland)

Switzerland)

٤١

٤١

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

          ﻣﻦ أدق اﻟﻤﻮازﻳﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﻴﺔ

          ﻣﻦ أدق اﻟﻤﻮازﻳﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﻴﺔ

-

-

          ﻣﺰود ﺑﻤﻴﻜﺮوﻣﺘﺮ ذو ﻟﻮح ﻣﺘﻮازى

          ﻣﺰود ﺑﻤﻴﻜﺮوﻣﺘﺮ ذو ﻟﻮح ﻣﺘﻮازى

Micrometer with parallel plate

Micrometer with parallel plate

 

 

 ﻟﻘﺮاءة آﺴﺮ ﺗﺪرﻳﺞ اﻟﻘﺎﻣﺔ

 ﻟﻘﺮاءة آﺴﺮ ﺗﺪرﻳﺞ اﻟﻘﺎﻣﺔ

-

-

         اﻟﻘﺎﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻣﺰودة ﺑﺸﺮﻳﻂ اﻧﻔﺎر

         اﻟﻘﺎﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻣﺰودة ﺑﺸﺮﻳﻂ اﻧﻔﺎر

)

)

          ﻣﺎدة ذات ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻤﺪد ﻗﻠﻴﻞ ﺟﺪا

          ﻣﺎدة ذات ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻤﺪد ﻗﻠﻴﻞ ﺟﺪا

 (

 (

٣

٣

-

-

                    ﻣﻴﺰان دﻗﻴﻖ او ﻣﻴﺰان ﺟﻴﻮدﻳﺴﻰ

                    ﻣﻴﺰان دﻗﻴﻖ او ﻣﻴﺰان ﺟﻴﻮدﻳﺴﻰ

 

 

Precise or Geodetic level

Precise or Geodetic level

ﻣﻴﺰان دﻗﻴﻖ

ﻣﻴﺰان دﻗﻴﻖ

 

 

Precise Level 

Precise Level 

(Carl 

(Carl 

Zeiss

Zeiss

)

)

 ﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﻣﻴﺰان دﻗﻴﻖ

 ﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﻣﻴﺰان دﻗﻴﻖ

 

 

Precise Level 

Precise Level 

Rods

Rods

٥١

٥١

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

٤

٤

-

-

          ﻣﻴﺰان أﺗﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﻜﻰ

          ﻣﻴﺰان أﺗﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﻜﻰ

 

 

leveling Level

leveling Level

-

-

Automatic or Self 

Automatic or Self 

                ﻳﺤﺘﻮى ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ داﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﺧﻂ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻓﻰ ﺟﻤ

                ﻳﺤﺘﻮى ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ داﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﺧﻂ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻓﻰ ﺟﻤ

ﻴﻊ اﻻﺗﺠﺎهﺎت

ﻴﻊ اﻻﺗﺠﺎهﺎت

      وذﻟﻚ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﻀﺒﻂ اﻟﻤﺒﺪﺋﻰ ﻟﻤﻴﺰان اﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ

      وذﻟﻚ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﻀﺒﻂ اﻟﻤﺒﺪﺋﻰ ﻟﻤﻴﺰان اﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ

 .

 .

Topcon, Japan

٦١

٦١

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

٥

٥

-

-

     ﻣﻴﺰان اﻟﻠﻴﺰر

     ﻣﻴﺰان اﻟﻠﻴﺰر

Laser Level

Laser Level

-

-

            ﻳﺠﻤﻊ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ واﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ اﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ

            ﻳﺠﻤﻊ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ واﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ اﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ

-

-

          ﻳﺤﺘﻮى ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺼﺪر ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﺷﻌﺎع ﻟﻴﺰر أﻓﻘﻰ دوار ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى أﻓﻘﻰ او رأ

          ﻳﺤﺘﻮى ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺼﺪر ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﺷﻌﺎع ﻟﻴﺰر أﻓﻘﻰ دوار ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى أﻓﻘﻰ او رأ

  ﺳﻰ

  ﺳﻰ

            ﻳﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ وﺣﺪﻩ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻬﺎز ﺗﻘﻮم ﺑﺈﻇﻬﺎر اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت واﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎ

            ﻳﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ وﺣﺪﻩ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻬﺎز ﺗﻘﻮم ﺑﺈﻇﻬﺎر اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت واﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎ

  ت اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ

  ت اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ

     ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻨﺴﻮب أو اﻟﻤﻴﻞ

     ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻨﺴﻮب أو اﻟﻤﻴﻞ

-

-

       ﺗﺤﺘﺎج ﻟﺮاﺻﺪ واﺣﺪ ﻓﻘﻂ

       ﺗﺤﺘﺎج ﻟﺮاﺻﺪ واﺣﺪ ﻓﻘﻂ

One man leveling

One man leveling

٧١

٧١

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

٦

٦

-

-

      اﻟﻤﻴﺰان اﻟﺮﻗﻤﻰ

      اﻟﻤﻴﺰان اﻟﺮﻗﻤﻰ

)

)

    اﻹﻟﻴﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻰ

    اﻹﻟﻴﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻰ

(

(

 

 

code) Level

code) Level

-

-

Electronic Digital (Bar

Electronic Digital (Bar

-

-

                      ﻋﺮض اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺎﺷﺔ اﻟﺠﻬﺎز وﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت واﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت

                      ﻋﺮض اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺎﺷﺔ اﻟﺠﻬﺎز وﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت واﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت

  

  

              ﻓﻲ ذاآﺮة اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ

              ﻓﻲ ذاآﺮة اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ

)

)

 آﺮوت ﻣﻤﻐﻨﻄﺔ

 آﺮوت ﻣﻤﻐﻨﻄﺔ

  

  

PCMCIA

PCMCIA

 (

 (

وﺗﺒﻠﻎ

وﺗﺒﻠﻎ

 

 

           دﻗﺔ اﻟﺠﻬﺎز ﻓﻲ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﻴﺐ

           دﻗﺔ اﻟﺠﻬﺎز ﻓﻲ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﻴﺐ

١

١

ﻣﻢ

ﻣﻢ

/

/

١

١

           آﻢ ودﻗﺔ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎت

           آﻢ ودﻗﺔ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎت

١

١

-

-

٥

٥

  ﺳﻢ

  ﺳﻢ

-

-

 

 

 

 

                     ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻪ ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﻴﺐ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻗﺎﻣﺔ اﻟﻴﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ

                     ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻪ ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﻴﺐ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻗﺎﻣﺔ اﻟﻴﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ

٨١

٨١

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

 

 

٧

٧

-

-

             اﻟﺘﻴﻮدوﻟﻴﺖ وﻣﺤﻄﺔ اﻟﺮﺻﺪ اﻟﻤﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ

             اﻟﺘﻴﻮدوﻟﻴﺖ وﻣﺤﻄﺔ اﻟﺮﺻﺪ اﻟﻤﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ

Theodolite and Total Station

Theodolite and Total Station

        ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻮﺿﻊ اﻷﻓﻘﻰ آﻤﻴﺰان هﻨﺪﺳﻰ

        ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻮﺿﻊ اﻷﻓﻘﻰ آﻤﻴﺰان هﻨﺪﺳﻰ

٩١

٩١

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

II

II

 

 

-

-

        ﺣﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان

        ﺣﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان

Tripod

Tripod

      ﻳﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﺣﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان اﻟﻰ

      ﻳﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﺣﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان اﻟﻰ

:

:

١

١

 

 

-

-

      ﺣﺎﻣﻞ ﺧﺸﺒﻰ

      ﺣﺎﻣﻞ ﺧﺸﺒﻰ

٠٢

٠٢

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

٢

٢

-

-

            ﺣﺎﻣﻞ أﻟﻤﻮﻧﻴﻮم

            ﺣﺎﻣﻞ أﻟﻤﻮﻧﻴﻮم

١٢

١٢

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

III

III

 

 

–

–

   اﻟﻘﺎﻣﺔ

   اﻟﻘﺎﻣﺔ

Staff

Staff

 ﺗﺼﻨﻊ ﻣﻦ

 ﺗﺼﻨﻊ ﻣﻦ

 :

 :

    اﻟﺨﺸﺐ

    اﻟﺨﺸﺐ

–

–

   اﻷﻟﻤﻨﻴﻮم

   اﻷﻟﻤﻨﻴﻮم

–

–

  اﻟﻔﺎﻳﺒﺮ

  اﻟﻔﺎﻳﺒﺮ

 ﺟﻼس

 ﺟﻼس

. 

. 

        ﻗﻄﺎﻋﻬﺎ

        ﻗﻄﺎﻋﻬﺎ

 :

 :

   ﻣﺴﺘﻄﻴﻞ

   ﻣﺴﺘﻄﻴﻞ

–

–

  ﻣﺮﺑﻊ

  ﻣﺮﺑﻊ

–

–

 داﺋﺮى

 داﺋﺮى

.

.

      أﺷﻜﺎﻟﻬﺎ

      أﺷﻜﺎﻟﻬﺎ

 :

 :

      ﻗﻄﻌﺔ واﺣﺪة

      ﻗﻄﻌﺔ واﺣﺪة

–

–

  ﻣﻔﺼﻠﻴﺔ

  ﻣﻔﺼﻠﻴﺔ

)

)

  ﻣﻨﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﻰ ﻗﺴﻤﻴﻦ او أرﺑﻌﺔ أﻗﺴﺎم

  ﻣﻨﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﻰ ﻗﺴﻤﻴﻦ او أرﺑﻌﺔ أﻗﺴﺎم

 (

 (

–

–

 

 

                  ﻣﻨﺰﻟﻘﺔ

                  ﻣﻨﺰﻟﻘﺔ

)

)

     ﻣﺘﺪاﺧﻠﺔ أو ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮﺑﻴﺔ

     ﻣﺘﺪاﺧﻠﺔ أو ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮﺑﻴﺔ

.(

.(

        أﻃﻮاﻟﻬﺎ

        أﻃﻮاﻟﻬﺎ

 :

 :

  ﻳﺘﺮاوح ﺑﻴﻦ

  ﻳﺘﺮاوح ﺑﻴﻦ

١

١

  اﻟﻰ

  اﻟﻰ

٦

٦

 ﻣﺘﺮ

 ﻣﺘﺮ

.

.

      ﺗﺪرﻳﺠﻬﺎ

      ﺗﺪرﻳﺠﻬﺎ

 :

 :

      ﺗﺪرج اﻟﻰ اﻣﺘﺎر ودﻳﺴﻴﻤﺘﺮات وﺳﻨﺘﻴﻤﺘﺮات ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ وﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻳﺪرج

      ﺗﺪرج اﻟﻰ اﻣﺘﺎر ودﻳﺴﻴﻤﺘﺮات وﺳﻨﺘﻴﻤﺘﺮات ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ وﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻳﺪرج

                  ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﻠﻒ اﻟﻰ ﻣﻠﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮات

                  ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﻠﻒ اﻟﻰ ﻣﻠﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮات

.

.

     وﺿﻌﻬﺎ

     وﺿﻌﻬﺎ

 :

 :

       إﻣﺎ ان ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﻘﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﺪﻟﻪ او ﻣﻘﻠﻮﺑﺔ وذﻟﻚ ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ وﺿﻊ وﺗﺮآﻴﺐ

       إﻣﺎ ان ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﻘﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﺪﻟﻪ او ﻣﻘﻠﻮﺑﺔ وذﻟﻚ ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ وﺿﻊ وﺗﺮآﻴﺐ

                   اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺎت ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان  اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم

                   اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺎت ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان  اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم

.

.

  

  

٢٢

٢٢

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

    أﺷﻜﺎل اﻟﻘﺎﻣﺔ

    أﺷﻜﺎل اﻟﻘﺎﻣﺔ

٣٢

٣٢

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

   ﺗﺪرﻳﺞ اﻟﻘﺎﻣﺔ

   ﺗﺪرﻳﺞ اﻟﻘﺎﻣﺔ

٤٢

٤٢

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

   اﻟﺒﺎب اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ

   اﻟﺒﺎب اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ

–

–

      اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ

      اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ

           اﻟﺘﺮآﻴﺐ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻰ واﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺰان

           اﻟﺘﺮآﻴﺐ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻰ واﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺰان

٥٢

٥٢

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

  ﻣﺴﻤﺎر ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ

  ﻣﺴﻤﺎر ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ

 اﻟﺮؤﻳﺔ

 اﻟﺮؤﻳﺔ

)

)

  ﻣﺴﻤﺎر

  ﻣﺴﻤﺎر

اﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ

اﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ

(

(

 ﻣﺴﻤﺎر اﻟﺤﺮآﺔ

 ﻣﺴﻤﺎر اﻟﺤﺮآﺔ

  اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ اﻟﺒﻄﻴﺌﺔ

  اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ اﻟﺒﻄﻴﺌﺔ

  ﻣﻴﺰان اﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ

  ﻣﻴﺰان اﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ

اﻟﺪاﺋﺮى

اﻟﺪاﺋﺮى

  اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﻌﻴﻨﻴﺔ

  اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﻌﻴﻨﻴﺔ

  اﻟﻨﺎﺷﻨﻜﺎة

  اﻟﻨﺎﺷﻨﻜﺎة

  اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﺸﻴﺌﻴﺔ

  اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﺸﻴﺌﻴﺔ

  ﻣﺴﺎﻣﻴﺮ اﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ

  ﻣﺴﺎﻣﻴﺮ اﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ

ﻣﺮﺁة

ﻣﺮﺁة

 اﻟﻤﻨﻈﺎر

 اﻟﻤﻨﻈﺎر

)

)

   اﻟﺘﻠﺴﻜﻮب

   اﻟﺘﻠﺴﻜﻮب

(

(

 ﻗﺎﻋﺪة

 ﻗﺎﻋﺪة

اﻟﻤﻴﺰان

اﻟﻤﻴﺰان

اﻟﺘﺮاﻳﺒﺮخ

اﻟﺘﺮاﻳﺒﺮخ

  ﻣﺴﻤﺎر ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ

  ﻣﺴﻤﺎر ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ

 اﻟﺮؤﻳﺔ

 اﻟﺮؤﻳﺔ

)

)

  ﻣﺴﻤﺎر

  ﻣﺴﻤﺎر

اﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ

اﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ

(

(

 ﻣﺴﻤﺎر اﻟﺤﺮآﺔ

 ﻣﺴﻤﺎر اﻟﺤﺮآﺔ

  اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ اﻟﺒﻄﻴﺌﺔ

  اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ اﻟﺒﻄﻴﺌﺔ

  ﻣﻴﺰان اﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ

  ﻣﻴﺰان اﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ

اﻟﺪاﺋﺮى

اﻟﺪاﺋﺮى

  اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﻌﻴﻨﻴﺔ

  اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﻌﻴﻨﻴﺔ

  اﻟﻨﺎﺷﻨﻜﺎة

  اﻟﻨﺎﺷﻨﻜﺎة

  اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﺸﻴﺌﻴﺔ

  اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﺸﻴﺌﻴﺔ

  ﻣﺴﺎﻣﻴﺮ اﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ

  ﻣﺴﺎﻣﻴﺮ اﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ

ﻣﺮﺁة

ﻣﺮﺁة

 اﻟﻤﻨﻈﺎر

 اﻟﻤﻨﻈﺎر

)

)

   اﻟﺘﻠﺴﻜﻮب

   اﻟﺘﻠﺴﻜﻮب

(

(

 ﻗﺎﻋﺪة

 ﻗﺎﻋﺪة

اﻟﻤﻴﺰان

اﻟﻤﻴﺰان

اﻟﺘﺮاﻳﺒﺮخ

اﻟﺘﺮاﻳﺒﺮخ

  ﻣﺴﻤﺎر ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ

  ﻣﺴﻤﺎر ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ

 اﻟﺮؤﻳﺔ

 اﻟﺮؤﻳﺔ

)

)

 ﻣﺴﻤﺎر

 ﻣﺴﻤﺎر

اﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ

اﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ

(

(

 ﻣﺴﻤﺎر اﻟﺤﺮآﺔ

 ﻣﺴﻤﺎر اﻟﺤﺮآﺔ

  اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ اﻟﺒﻄﻴﺌﺔ

  اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ اﻟﺒﻄﻴﺌﺔ

  ﻣﻴﺰان اﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ

  ﻣﻴﺰان اﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ

اﻟﺪاﺋﺮى

اﻟﺪاﺋﺮى

  اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﻌﻴﻨﻴﺔ

  اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﻌﻴﻨﻴﺔ

  اﻟﻨﺎﺷﻨﻜﺎة

  اﻟﻨﺎﺷﻨﻜﺎة

  اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﺸﻴﺌﻴﺔ

  اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﺸﻴﺌﻴﺔ

  ﻣﺴﺎﻣﻴﺮ اﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ

  ﻣﺴﺎﻣﻴﺮ اﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ

ﻣﺮﺁة

ﻣﺮﺁة

 اﻟﻤﻨﻈﺎر

 اﻟﻤﻨﻈﺎر

)

)

   اﻟﺘﻠﺴﻜﻮب

   اﻟﺘﻠﺴﻜﻮب

(

(

  ﻗﺎﻋﺪة

  ﻗﺎﻋﺪة

اﻟﻤﻴﺰان

اﻟﻤﻴﺰان

اﻟﺘﺮاﻳﺒﺮاخ

اﻟﺘﺮاﻳﺒﺮاخ

             اﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎت اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺰان

             اﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎت اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺰان

 ﻣﺤﻮر

 ﻣﺤﻮر

 ﺧﻂ

 ﺧﻂ

اﻟﻨﻈﺮ

اﻟﻨﻈﺮ

 اﻟﻤﺤﻮر اﻟﺮأﺳﻰ

 اﻟﻤﺤﻮر اﻟﺮأﺳﻰ

٦٢

٦٢

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

Level components

Level components

Eyepiece

Eyepiece

Focus Knob

Focus Knob

Bubble

Bubble

Foot screw

Foot screw

Slow 

Slow 

Motion

Motion

Objective

Objective

Line of 

Line of 

sight

sight

Gun 

Gun 

Sight

Sight

Internal 

Internal 

vertical line

vertical line

Trivet

Trivet

٧٢

٧٢

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

           اﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺰان

           اﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺰان

١

١

-

-

  اﻟﻨﺎﺷﻨﻜﺎة

  اﻟﻨﺎﺷﻨﻜﺎة

Gun sight

Gun sight

:

:

          أﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺰء ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان وﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﻠﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ اﻟﻤﺒﺪﺋﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ

          أﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺰء ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان وﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﻠﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ اﻟﻤﺒﺪﺋﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ

اﻟﻘﺎﻣﺔ

اﻟﻘﺎﻣﺔ

 .

 .

٢

٢

-

-

    اﻟﻤﻨﻈﺎر

    اﻟﻤﻨﻈﺎر

Telescope

Telescope

:

:

             اﺳﻄﻮاﻧﺔ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺑﺪاﺧﻠﻬﺎ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺎت اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ

             اﺳﻄﻮاﻧﺔ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺑﺪاﺧﻠﻬﺎ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺎت اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ

ﺑﺎﻟﺮؤﻳﺔ

ﺑﺎﻟﺮؤﻳﺔ

 ،

 ،

          وﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﺎرج ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻣﻴﺮ اﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻓﻰ اﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻀﺒﻂ

          وﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﺎرج ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻣﻴﺮ اﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻓﻰ اﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻀﺒﻂ

   واﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ

   واﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ

 .

 .

٣

٣

-

-

    اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﻌﻴﻨﻴﺔ

    اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﻌﻴﻨﻴﺔ

Eyepiece

Eyepiece

:

:

       اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻌﻴﻦ اﻟﺮاﺻﺪ وﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم

       اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻌﻴﻦ اﻟﺮاﺻﺪ وﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم

    ﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪﺗﻪ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﻣﺔ

    ﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪﺗﻪ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﻣﺔ

 .

 .

٤

٤

-

-

     اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﺸﻴﺌﻴﺔ

     اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﺸﻴﺌﻴﺔ

Object  lens

Object  lens

:

:

       اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ اﻷﺧﻴﺮة ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﻈﺎر وﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻣﺔ

       اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ اﻷﺧﻴﺮة ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﻈﺎر وﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻣﺔ

   .

   .

٥

٥

-

-

      ﻣﺴﻤﺎر ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ اﻟﺮؤﻳﺔ

      ﻣﺴﻤﺎر ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ اﻟﺮؤﻳﺔ

 )

 )

   ﻣﺴﻤﺎر اﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ

   ﻣﺴﻤﺎر اﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ

  (

  (

Object focus screw

Object focus screw

:

:

    ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ

    ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ

            ﺧﻼﻟﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﻌﻴﻨﻴﺔ واﻟﺸﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺻﻮرة اﻟﻬﺪ

            ﺧﻼﻟﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﻌﻴﻨﻴﺔ واﻟﺸﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺻﻮرة اﻟﻬﺪ

 ف ﺗﺒﻌﺎ

 ف ﺗﺒﻌﺎ

 ﻟﻘﻮة إﺑﺼﺎر اﻟﺮاﺻﺪ

 ﻟﻘﻮة إﺑﺼﺎر اﻟﺮاﺻﺪ

.

.

٦

٦

-

-

       ﻣﺴﻤﺎر اﻟﺤﺮآﺔ اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ

       ﻣﺴﻤﺎر اﻟﺤﺮآﺔ اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ

Horizontal tangent screw

Horizontal tangent screw

:

:

       ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪة

       ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪة

     اﻟﺮاﺻﺪ ﻓﻰ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان أﻓﻘﻴﺎ ﻟﻀﺒﻂ اﻟﺸﻌﺮة اﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﻣﺔ

     اﻟﺮاﺻﺪ ﻓﻰ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان أﻓﻘﻴﺎ ﻟﻀﺒﻂ اﻟﺸﻌﺮة اﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﻣﺔ

 ،

 ،

   وﻳﻜﻮن ﻣﺜﺒﺘﺎ

   وﻳﻜﻮن ﻣﺜﺒﺘﺎ

   ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ اﻟﺨﺎرج ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻈﺎر

   ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ اﻟﺨﺎرج ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻈﺎر

 .

 .

٨٢

٨٢

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

٧

٧

-

-

          ﻣﻴﺰان اﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﻄﻮﻟﻰ أو اﻟﺪاﺋﺮى

          ﻣﻴﺰان اﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﻄﻮﻟﻰ أو اﻟﺪاﺋﺮى

Linear (tube) or circular level

Linear (tube) or circular level

:

:

 

 

                  ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﻀﺒﻂ أﻓﻘﻴﺔ اﻟﺠﻬﺎز وﺧﻂ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ وﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى أﻓﻘﻰ وهﻤﻰ ﻋﻤﻮدى

                  ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﻀﺒﻂ أﻓﻘﻴﺔ اﻟﺠﻬﺎز وﺧﻂ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ وﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى أﻓﻘﻰ وهﻤﻰ ﻋﻤﻮدى

 ﻋﻠﻰ

 ﻋﻠﻰ

     ﺧﻂ ﺗﺴﺎﻣﺖ اﻟﺮاﺻﺪ

     ﺧﻂ ﺗﺴﺎﻣﺖ اﻟﺮاﺻﺪ

 ،

 ،

             وﻣﻴﺰان اﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ اﻣﺎ ان ﻳﻜﻮن ﻣﻴﺰان ﺗﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﻃﻮﻟﻰ او داﺋﺮى

             وﻣﻴﺰان اﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ اﻣﺎ ان ﻳﻜﻮن ﻣﻴﺰان ﺗﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﻃﻮﻟﻰ او داﺋﺮى

         وآﺬﻟﻚ اﻣﺎ ان ﻳﻜﻮن داﺧﻠﻰ او ﺧﺎرﺟﻰ

         وآﺬﻟﻚ اﻣﺎ ان ﻳﻜﻮن داﺧﻠﻰ او ﺧﺎرﺟﻰ

.

.

٨

٨

-

-

   اﻟﺪاﺋﺮة اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ

   اﻟﺪاﺋﺮة اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ

Horizontal circle

Horizontal circle

:

:

         ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﻣﻨﻘﻠﺔ ﻣﺪرﺟﺔ اﻟﻰ درﺟﺎت أو

         ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﻣﻨﻘﻠﺔ ﻣﺪرﺟﺔ اﻟﻰ درﺟﺎت أو

 آﺴﻮرهﺎ

 آﺴﻮرهﺎ

 ،

 ،

              وﻳﺰود اﻟﻤﻴﺰان ﺑﺪاﺋﺮة ﺧﺎرﺟﻴﺔ أو داﺧﻠﻴﺔ أو ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺰود ﺑﺪاﺋﺮة أﻓﻘﻴﺔ

              وﻳﺰود اﻟﻤﻴﺰان ﺑﺪاﺋﺮة ﺧﺎرﺟﻴﺔ أو داﺧﻠﻴﺔ أو ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺰود ﺑﺪاﺋﺮة أﻓﻘﻴﺔ

 .

 .

٩

٩

-

-

      ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺿﺒﻂ اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ

      ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺿﺒﻂ اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ

leveling head

leveling head

:

:

      وهﻰ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﻟﻮﺣﻴﻦ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﻦ داﺋﺮﻳﻴﻦ

      وهﻰ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﻟﻮﺣﻴﻦ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﻦ داﺋﺮﻳﻴﻦ

         وﻣﺘﻮازﻳﻴﻦ وﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ أو ارﺑﻌﺔ ﻣﺴﺎﻣﻴﺮ ﻟﻠﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ

         وﻣﺘﻮازﻳﻴﻦ وﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ أو ارﺑﻌﺔ ﻣﺴﺎﻣﻴﺮ ﻟﻠﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ

 ا

 ا

-

-

 

 

اﻟﺘﺮاﻳﺒﺮاخ

اﻟﺘﺮاﻳﺒﺮاخ

  

  

Tribrach

Tribrach

:

:

         ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﻟﻮح ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻰ داﺋﺮي ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ اﻟﻤﻨﻈﺎر وآﺬﻟﻚ

         ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﻟﻮح ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻰ داﺋﺮي ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ اﻟﻤﻨﻈﺎر وآﺬﻟﻚ

   ﻣﺴﺎﻣﻴﺮ اﻟﺤﺮآﺔ اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ

   ﻣﺴﺎﻣﻴﺮ اﻟﺤﺮآﺔ اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ

.

.

ب

ب

-

-

     ﻣﺴﺎﻣﻴﺮ اﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ

     ﻣﺴﺎﻣﻴﺮ اﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ

leveling or Foot screw

leveling or Foot screw

:

:

     ﻋﺎدة ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ

     ﻋﺎدة ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ

٣

٣

   ﻣﺴﺎﻣﻴﺮ

   ﻣﺴﺎﻣﻴﺮ

                      ﺗﺘﺤﺮك ﺣﻮل ﻣﺤﻮر رأﺳﻰ وذﻟﻚ ﺑﻬﺪف أﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻀﺒﻂ اﻟﻤﺆﻗﺖ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺰان

                      ﺗﺘﺤﺮك ﺣﻮل ﻣﺤﻮر رأﺳﻰ وذﻟﻚ ﺑﻬﺪف أﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻀﺒﻂ اﻟﻤﺆﻗﺖ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺰان

)

)

   ﺿﺒﻂ أﻓﻘﻴﺔ

   ﺿﺒﻂ أﻓﻘﻴﺔ

 اﻟﻤﻴﺰان

 اﻟﻤﻴﺰان

.(

.(

 ـﺟ

 ـﺟ

  

  

-

-

       ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﻤﻴﺰان

       ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﻤﻴﺰان

 )

 )

Base (Trivet

Base (Trivet

:

:

        ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﻟﻮح ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ داﺋﺮى ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﺮﺑﻂ

        ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﻟﻮح ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ داﺋﺮى ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﺮﺑﻂ

  اﻟﻤﻴﺰان ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺎﻣﻞ

  اﻟﻤﻴﺰان ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺎﻣﻞ

 .

 .

٩٢

٩٢

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

           اﻟﻤﺤﺎور اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺰان

           اﻟﻤﺤﺎور اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺰان

        ﻣﺤﻮر ﺧﻂ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ

        ﻣﺤﻮر ﺧﻂ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ

Line of sight

Line of sight

:

:

             هﻮ اﻟﺨﻂ اﻟﻮاﺻﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺗﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺣﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺸﻌﺮات

             هﻮ اﻟﺨﻂ اﻟﻮاﺻﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺗﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺣﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺸﻌﺮات

                         وﻣﺮآﺰ اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﺸﻴﺌﻴﺔ

                         وﻣﺮآﺰ اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﺸﻴﺌﻴﺔ

.

.

     اﻟﻤﺤﻮر اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻰ

     اﻟﻤﺤﻮر اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻰ

Line of collimation

Line of collimation

:

:

          هﻮ اﻟﺨﻂ اﻟﻮاﺻﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺮآﺰى اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺘﻴﻦ

          هﻮ اﻟﺨﻂ اﻟﻮاﺻﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺮآﺰى اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺘﻴﻦ

                      اﻟﻌﻴﻨﻴﺔ واﻟﺸﻴﺌﻴﺔ

                      اﻟﻌﻴﻨﻴﺔ واﻟﺸﻴﺌﻴﺔ

 .

 .

     اﻟﻤﺤﻮر اﻟﺮأﺳﻰ

     اﻟﻤﺤﻮر اﻟﺮأﺳﻰ

:

:

            هﻮ اﻟﻤﺤﻮر اﻟﻌﻤﻮدى ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺤﻮر اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻰ

            هﻮ اﻟﻤﺤﻮر اﻟﻌﻤﻮدى ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺤﻮر اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻰ

.

.

    ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ

    ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ

 :

 :

 *

 *

     ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮازﻳﻦ اﻟﻤﺰودة

     ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮازﻳﻦ اﻟﻤﺰودة

    ﺑﻤﻴﺰان ﺗﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﻃﻮﻟﻰ

    ﺑﻤﻴﺰان ﺗﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﻃﻮﻟﻰ

 : 

 : 

       ﻳﻜﻮن ﻣﺤﻮر ﻣﻴﺰان اﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ

       ﻳﻜﻮن ﻣﺤﻮر ﻣﻴﺰان اﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ

                               اﻟﻄﻮﻟﻰ هﻮ اﻟﻤﺤﻮر اﻷﻓﻘﻰ اﻟﻤﻮازى ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻮر اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻰ

                               اﻟﻄﻮﻟﻰ هﻮ اﻟﻤﺤﻮر اﻷﻓﻘﻰ اﻟﻤﻮازى ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻮر اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻰ

 ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺰان

 ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺰان

 .

 .

 *

 *

     ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮازﻳﻦ اﻟﻤﺰودة

     ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮازﻳﻦ اﻟﻤﺰودة

    ﺑﻤﻴﺰان ﺗﺴﻮﻳﺔ داﺋﺮى

    ﺑﻤﻴﺰان ﺗﺴﻮﻳﺔ داﺋﺮى

 :

 :

       ﻳﻜﻮن ﻣﺤﻮر ﻣﻴﺰان اﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ

       ﻳﻜﻮن ﻣﺤﻮر ﻣﻴﺰان اﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ

                               اﻟﺪاﺋﺮى هﻮ اﻟﻤﺤﻮر اﻟﺮأﺳﻰ اﻟﻤﻮازى ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻮر اﻟﺮأﺳﻰ

                               اﻟﺪاﺋﺮى هﻮ اﻟﻤﺤﻮر اﻟﺮأﺳﻰ اﻟﻤﻮازى ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻮر اﻟﺮأﺳﻰ

   ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺰان

   ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺰان

)                  

)                  

           اﻟﻤﺤﻮر اﻟﻌﻤﻮدى ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺤﻮر اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻰ

           اﻟﻤﺤﻮر اﻟﻌﻤﻮدى ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺤﻮر اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻰ

.(

.(

٠٣

٠٣

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

   أﺷﻜﺎل ﻣﻮازﻳﻦ اﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ

   أﺷﻜﺎل ﻣﻮازﻳﻦ اﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ

       ﻣﻴﺰان ﻣﺰود ﺑﻤﻴﺰان ﺗﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﻃﻮﻟﻰ

       ﻣﻴﺰان ﻣﺰود ﺑﻤﻴﺰان ﺗﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﻃﻮﻟﻰ

      ﻣﻴﺰان ﻣﺰود ﺑﻤﻴﺰان ﺗﺴﻮﻳﺔ داﺋﺮى

      ﻣﻴﺰان ﻣﺰود ﺑﻤﻴﺰان ﺗﺴﻮﻳﺔ داﺋﺮى

١٣

١٣

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

          اﻟﺘﺮآﻴﺐ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺰان ﻣﻦ آﻼ اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﻴﻦ

          اﻟﺘﺮآﻴﺐ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺰان ﻣﻦ آﻼ اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﻴﻦ

٢٣

٢٣

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

اﻟﻤﻨﻈﺎر

اﻟﻤﻨﻈﺎر

  ﺣﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺸﻌﺮات

  ﺣﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺸﻌﺮات

  اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﻌﻴﻨﻴﺔ

  اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﻌﻴﻨﻴﺔ

   ﺧﻂ اﻟﻤﺤﻮر اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻰ

   ﺧﻂ اﻟﻤﺤﻮر اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻰ

  ﻣﻴﺰان اﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ

  ﻣﻴﺰان اﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ

   ﻣﺴﺎﻣﻴﺮ اﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ

   ﻣﺴﺎﻣﻴﺮ اﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ

   اﻟﺤﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺜﻼﺛﻰ

   اﻟﺤﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺜﻼﺛﻰ

 اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ

 اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ

  اﻟﺸﺒﺌﻴﺔ

  اﻟﺸﺒﺌﻴﺔ

ﻈﺎر

ﻤﻨ

 ﻟﻠ

اﻟﺮأﺳﻰ

 ﻮر

اﻟﻤﺤ

ﻈﺎر

ﻤﻨ

 ﻟﻠ

اﻟﺮأﺳﻰ

 ﻮر

اﻟﻤﺤ

             اﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﻣﺴﺎر ﺧﻂ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ داﺧﻞ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان

             اﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﻣﺴﺎر ﺧﻂ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ داﺧﻞ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان

  

  

ﻣﺤﻮر ﺧﻂ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ

ﻣﺤﻮر ﺧﻂ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ

 ﻣﺤﻮر ﺧﻂ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ

 ﻣﺤﻮر ﺧﻂ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ

 :

 :

          هﻮ اﻟﺨﻂ اﻟﻮاﺻﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺗﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺣﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺸﻌﺮات وﻣﺮآﺰ اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﺸﻴﺌﻴﺔ

          هﻮ اﻟﺨﻂ اﻟﻮاﺻﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺗﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺣﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺸﻌﺮات وﻣﺮآﺰ اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﺸﻴﺌﻴﺔ

   ﺧﻂ اﻟﻤﺤﻮر اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻰ

   ﺧﻂ اﻟﻤﺤﻮر اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻰ

 :

 :

           هﻮ اﻟﺨﻂ اﻟﻮاﺻﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺮآﺰى اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺘﻴﻦ اﻟﻌﻴﻨﻴﺔ واﻟﺸﻴﺌﻴﺔ

           هﻮ اﻟﺨﻂ اﻟﻮاﺻﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺮآﺰى اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺘﻴﻦ اﻟﻌﻴﻨﻴﺔ واﻟﺸﻴﺌﻴﺔ

٣٣

٣٣

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

                    اﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﻣﺴﺎر ﺧﻂ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان اﻷوﺗﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﻜﻰ

                    اﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﻣﺴﺎر ﺧﻂ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان اﻷوﺗﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﻜﻰ

compensator

خ

o

’

ﺧﻂ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ

ﺧﻂ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ

٤٣

٤٣

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

                       ﻗﻄﺎع  ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻣﺴﺎر ﺧﻂ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻓﻰ ﻣﻴﺰان أوﺗﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﻜﻰ

                       ﻗﻄﺎع  ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻣﺴﺎر ﺧﻂ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻓﻰ ﻣﻴﺰان أوﺗﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﻜﻰ

          ذات داﺋﺮة أﻓﻘﻴﺔ داﺧﻠﻴﺔ

          ذات داﺋﺮة أﻓﻘﻴﺔ داﺧﻠﻴﺔ

٥٣

٥٣

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

                       ﻗﻄﺎع  ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻣﺴﺎر ﺧﻂ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻓﻰ ﻣﻴﺰان أوﺗﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﻜﻰ

                       ﻗﻄﺎع  ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻣﺴﺎر ﺧﻂ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻓﻰ ﻣﻴﺰان أوﺗﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﻜﻰ

          ذات داﺋﺮة أﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﺧﺎرﺟﻴﺔ

          ذات داﺋﺮة أﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﺧﺎرﺟﻴﺔ

٦٣

٦٣

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

   اﻟﺒﺎب اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ

   اﻟﺒﺎب اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ

–

–

       اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ

       اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ

        اﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻷﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ

        اﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻷﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ

٧٣

٧٣

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

                   ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻔﺎت اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ أﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ

                   ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻔﺎت اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ أﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ

      ﻣﺴﺘﻮى ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ

      ﻣﺴﺘﻮى ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ

Datum 

Datum 

:

:

         هﻮ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى ﺳﻄﺢ أﻓﻘﻰ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﻴﺐ

         هﻮ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى ﺳﻄﺢ أﻓﻘﻰ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﻴﺐ

                    اﻟﻨﻘﻂ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﻴﺔ وﻋﺎدة ﻣﺎ ﻳﺆﺧﺬ هﻮ اﻟﻤﻨﺴﻮب اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻟﺴﻄﺢ اﻟﺒﺤﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣ

                    اﻟﻨﻘﻂ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﻴﺔ وﻋﺎدة ﻣﺎ ﻳﺆﺧﺬ هﻮ اﻟﻤﻨﺴﻮب اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻟﺴﻄﺢ اﻟﺒﺤﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣ

 ﺪار

 ﺪار

 اﻟﻌﺎم

 اﻟﻌﺎم

(Mean Sea Level MSL)

(Mean Sea Level MSL)

. 

. 

       ﻣﺴﺘﻮى ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻰ

       ﻣﺴﺘﻮى ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻰ

)

)

اﻹﻓﺘﺮاﺿﻰ

اﻹﻓﺘﺮاﺿﻰ

 (

 (

Local Datum

Local Datum

:

:

  ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ

  ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ

                 اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﺪودة ﻳﺆﺧﺬ ﻋﺎدة ﻣﺴﺘﻮى ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﻣﺤﻠﻰ

                 اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﺪودة ﻳﺆﺧﺬ ﻋﺎدة ﻣﺴﺘﻮى ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﻣﺤﻠﻰ

)

)

اﻓﺘﺮاﺿﻰ

اﻓﺘﺮاﺿﻰ

 (

 (

    وﻳﺄﺧﺬ اﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ

    وﻳﺄﺧﺬ اﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ

+

+

٠١

٠١

  ﻣﺘﺮ أو

  ﻣﺘﺮ أو

+

+

٠٠١

٠٠١

      ﻣﺘﺮ أو أى رﻗﻢ اﻓﺘﺮاﺿﻰ ﺁﺧﺮ

      ﻣﺘﺮ أو أى رﻗﻢ اﻓﺘﺮاﺿﻰ ﺁﺧﺮ

 .

 .

    اﻟﺨﻂ اﻟﺮأﺳﻰ

    اﻟﺨﻂ اﻟﺮأﺳﻰ

Vertical line

Vertical line

: 

: 

          هﻮ اﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺧﻴﻂ اﻟﺸﺎﻏﻮل

          هﻮ اﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺧﻴﻂ اﻟﺸﺎﻏﻮل

)

)

   اﺗﺠﺎﻩ اﻟﺠﺎذﺑﻴﺔ

   اﺗﺠﺎﻩ اﻟﺠﺎذﺑﻴﺔ

 (

 (

       ﻣﻨﺴﻮب ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان

       ﻣﻨﺴﻮب ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان

:

:

              هﻮ ﻣﻨﺴﻮب اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى اﻷﻓﻘﻰ اﻟﻌﻤﻮدى ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻂ ﺗﺴﺎﻣﺖ

              هﻮ ﻣﻨﺴﻮب اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى اﻷﻓﻘﻰ اﻟﻌﻤﻮدى ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻂ ﺗﺴﺎﻣﺖ

  اﻟﺮاﺻﺪ

  اﻟﺮاﺻﺪ

 )

 )

     ﺧﻂ اﺗﺠﺎﻩ اﻟﺠﺎذﺑﻴﺔ

     ﺧﻂ اﺗﺠﺎﻩ اﻟﺠﺎذﺑﻴﺔ

 (

 (

      وذﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻤﻨﺴﻮب ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ

      وذﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻤﻨﺴﻮب ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ

.

.

     اﻟﻤﻨﺴﻮب او اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع

     اﻟﻤﻨﺴﻮب او اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع

Elevation

Elevation

:

:

        هﻮ ﻣﻘﺪار ارﺗﻔﺎع او اﻧﺨﻔﺎض اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﻋﻦ

        هﻮ ﻣﻘﺪار ارﺗﻔﺎع او اﻧﺨﻔﺎض اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﻋﻦ

  ﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ

  ﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ

 .

 .

٨٣

٨٣

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

”

”

 ﺗﺎﺑﻊ

 ﺗﺎﺑﻊ

  “

  “

                 اﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻔﺎت اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ أﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ

                 اﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻔﺎت اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ أﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ

اﻟﺮوﺑﻴﺮ

اﻟﺮوﺑﻴﺮ

(Bench Mark BM)

(Bench Mark BM)

:

:

            هﻮ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ او ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ أو ﻣﻔﺮوﺿﺔ

            هﻮ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ او ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ أو ﻣﻔﺮوﺿﺔ

      اﻟﻤﻨﺴﻮب ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻤﻨﺴﻮب ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ

      اﻟﻤﻨﺴﻮب ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻤﻨﺴﻮب ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ

 ،

 ،

          وﻳﺠﺐ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻃﻮال ﻓﺘﺮة ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع

          وﻳﺠﺐ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻃﻮال ﻓﺘﺮة ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع

.

.

      ﻓﺮق اﻟﻤﻨﺴﻮب

      ﻓﺮق اﻟﻤﻨﺴﻮب

(level difference)

(level difference)

:

:

      هﻮ ﻣﻘﺪار ﻓﺮق اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع ﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺘﻴﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﻴﺘﻴﻦ

      هﻮ ﻣﻘﺪار ﻓﺮق اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع ﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺘﻴﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﻴﺘﻴﻦ

.

.

       ﻗﺮاءة اﻟﻤﺆﺧﺮة

       ﻗﺮاءة اﻟﻤﺆﺧﺮة

(Back Sight BS)

(Back Sight BS)

:

:

       هﻰ أول ﻗﺮاءة ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻣﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان ﻓﻰ وﺿﻊ

       هﻰ أول ﻗﺮاءة ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻣﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان ﻓﻰ وﺿﻊ

 ﺟﺪﻳﺪ

 ﺟﺪﻳﺪ

 .

 .

     ﻗﺮاءة اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ

     ﻗﺮاءة اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ

(Foresight FS)

(Foresight FS)

:

:

       هﻰ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻗﺮاءة ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻣﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻧﻘﻞ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان

       هﻰ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻗﺮاءة ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻣﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻧﻘﻞ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان

 .

 .

       ﻗﺮاءة اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ

       ﻗﺮاءة اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ

(Intermediate sight IS)

(Intermediate sight IS)

:

:

     هﻰ اﻟﻘﺮاءة اﻟﻤﺤﺼﻮرة ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ

     هﻰ اﻟﻘﺮاءة اﻟﻤﺤﺼﻮرة ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ

    واﻟﻤﺆﺧﺮة

    واﻟﻤﺆﺧﺮة

.

.

     ﻧﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﺪوران

     ﻧﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﺪوران

(Change Point CP)

(Change Point CP)

:

:

         هﻰ اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﺘﻰ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻋﻨﺪهﺎ ﻧﻘﻞ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان ﺣﻴﺚ

         هﻰ اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﺘﻰ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻋﻨﺪهﺎ ﻧﻘﻞ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان ﺣﻴﺚ

            ﻳﺪون ﻋﻨﺪهﺎ ﻗﺮاءة أﻣﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﺿﻊ اﻷول وﻗﺮاءة ﺧﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﺿﻊ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ

            ﻳﺪون ﻋﻨﺪهﺎ ﻗﺮاءة أﻣﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﺿﻊ اﻷول وﻗﺮاءة ﺧﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﺿﻊ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ

.

.

٩٣

٩٣

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ

 :

              ﻳﻮﺿﻊ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﻓﻰ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻘﺎﻣﺘﻴﻦ

B

 

S     اﻟﻤﺆﺧﺮة

FS   اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ

3.42

BM A

(+10.00)

B

B

 

S     اﻟﻤﺆﺧﺮة

FS   اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ

3.42

0.80

BM A

(+10.00)

B

         ﻓﺮق اﻟﻤﻨﺴﻮب ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺘﻴﻦ

A, B

 = 

       ﻗﺮاءة اﻟﻤﺆﺧﺮة

BS

    ﻋﻨﺪ

A

 

–

       ﻗﺮاءة اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ

FS

     ﻋﻨﺪ

B

 

 =

٢٤٫٣

 

–

 

٨٫٠

 =  

٢٦٫٢

 ﻣﺘﺮ

    ﻣﻨﺴﻮب اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ

B

 =

     ﻣﻨﺴﻮب اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ

A

) 

   اﻟﺮوﺑﻴﺮ

BM

 + (

   ﻓﺮق اﻟﻤﻨﺴﻮب ﺑﻴﻦ

 

A, B

 =

٠٫٠١

 + 

٢٦٫٢

 = 

٢٦٫٢١

ﻣﺘﺮ

   اﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ

   اﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ

٠٤

٠٤

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

  ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ

  ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ

 

 

 اﻟﻤﻨﺴﻮب

 اﻟﻤﻨﺴﻮب

  ﻗﺮاءة اﻟﻘﺎﻣﺔ

  ﻗﺮاءة اﻟﻘﺎﻣﺔ

 ﻋﻨﺪ

 ﻋﻨﺪ

B

B

 ﻗﺮاءة اﻟﻘﺎﻣﺔ

 ﻗﺮاءة اﻟﻘﺎﻣﺔ

  ﻋﻨﺪ

  ﻋﻨﺪ

A

A

  ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ

  ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ

 

 

 اﻟﻤﻨﺴﻮب

 اﻟﻤﻨﺴﻮب

A

A

B

B

   اﻟﻤﺆﺧﺮة

   اﻟﻤﺆﺧﺮة

  اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ

  اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ

        اﻟﺴﻄﺢ اﻟﻮهﻤﻰ اﻷﻓﻘﻰ

        اﻟﺴﻄﺢ اﻟﻮهﻤﻰ اﻷﻓﻘﻰ

 

 

    ﻳﻤﺜﻞ ﻣﻨﺴﻮب ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان

    ﻳﻤﺜﻞ ﻣﻨﺴﻮب ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان

١٤

١٤

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

        ﻣﻨﺴﻮب ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان ﻓﻰ اﻟﻮﺿﻊ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ

        ﻣﻨﺴﻮب ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان ﻓﻰ اﻟﻮﺿﻊ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ

      ﻣﻨﺴﻮب ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان ﻓﻰ اﻟﻮﺿﻊ اﻷول

      ﻣﻨﺴﻮب ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان ﻓﻰ اﻟﻮﺿﻊ اﻷول

A

A

C

C

E

E

D

D

F

F

B

B

ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ

ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ

ﻣﺆﺧﺮة

ﻣﺆﺧﺮة

ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ

ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ

 ان

دور

 ﻧﻘﻄﺔ

 ان

دور

 ﻧﻘﻄﺔ

ﻣﺆﺧﺮة

ﻣﺆﺧﺮة

ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ

ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ

ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ

ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ

    اﻟﻮﺿﻊ اﻷول ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺰان

    اﻟﻮﺿﻊ اﻷول ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺰان

      اﻟﻮﺿﻊ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺰان

      اﻟﻮﺿﻊ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺰان

BM

BM

      اﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﻣﺴﺎر اﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ

      اﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﻣﺴﺎر اﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ

           آﻴﻔﻴﺔ إﺟﺮاء ﺳﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ

           آﻴﻔﻴﺔ إﺟﺮاء ﺳﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ

leveling operation

leveling operation

٢٤

٢٤

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

   اﻟﺒﺎب اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ

   اﻟﺒﺎب اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ

–

–

         اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ

         اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ

      اﻷﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﺤﻘﻠﻴﺔ

      اﻷﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﺤﻘﻠﻴﺔ

)

)

       اﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ واﻟﻀﺒﻂ اﻟﻤﺆﻗﺖ واﻟﺮﺻﺪ

       اﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ واﻟﻀﺒﻂ اﻟﻤﺆﻗﺖ واﻟﺮﺻﺪ

(

(

٣٤

٣٤

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

         اﻷﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﺤﻘﻠﻴﺔ

         اﻷﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﺤﻘﻠﻴﺔ

Field work

Field work

١

١

-

-

      أﻋﻤﺎل ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ اﻟﺠﻬﺎز

      أﻋﻤﺎل ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ اﻟﺠﻬﺎز

:

:

٤٤

٤٤

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

      آﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ اﻟﺤﺎﻣﻞ

      آﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ اﻟﺤﺎﻣﻞ

  

  

-

-

             ﻳﺘﻢ ﻓﺘﺢ أرﺟﻞ اﻟﺤﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﻴﺼﻞ اﻟﻰ ﻣﻨﺴﻮب ﺧﻂ ﻧﻈﺮ اﻟﺮاﺻﺪ

             ﻳﺘﻢ ﻓﺘﺢ أرﺟﻞ اﻟﺤﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﻴﺼﻞ اﻟﻰ ﻣﻨﺴﻮب ﺧﻂ ﻧﻈﺮ اﻟﺮاﺻﺪ

.

.

        ﻳﺘﻢ إﺣﻜﺎم ﻏﻠﻖ أرﺟﻞ اﻟﺤﺎﻣﻞ

        ﻳﺘﻢ إﺣﻜﺎم ﻏﻠﻖ أرﺟﻞ اﻟﺤﺎﻣﻞ

 .

 .

-

-

         ﻳﺜﺒﺖ اﻟﺤﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ أن ﺗﻜﻮن ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺗﻪ ﻓﻰ وﺿﻊ أﻓﻘﻰ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ

         ﻳﺜﺒﺖ اﻟﺤﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ أن ﺗﻜﻮن ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺗﻪ ﻓﻰ وﺿﻊ أﻓﻘﻰ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ

.

.

-

-

            ﻳﺘﻢ ﻏﺮس أرﺟﻞ اﻟﺤﺎﻣﻞ ﺟﻴﺪا ﻓﻰ اﻷرض اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ

            ﻳﺘﻢ ﻏﺮس أرﺟﻞ اﻟﺤﺎﻣﻞ ﺟﻴﺪا ﻓﻰ اﻷرض اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ

.

.

٥٤

٥٤

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

           آﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺎﻣﻞ

           آﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺎﻣﻞ

-

-

              إﺧﺮاج اﻟﻤﻴﺰان ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻠﺒﺔ ووﺿﻌﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺤﺎﻣﻞ

              إﺧﺮاج اﻟﻤﻴﺰان ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻠﺒﺔ ووﺿﻌﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺤﺎﻣﻞ

 .

 .

-

-

             ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان ﺟﻴﺪا ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻣﺴﻤﺎر اﻟﺮﺑﻂ

             ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان ﺟﻴﺪا ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻣﺴﻤﺎر اﻟﺮﺑﻂ

   .

   .

٦٤

٦٤

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

             اﻟﻀﺒﻂ اﻟﻤﺆﻗﺖ ﻟﻠﻤﻮازﻳﻦ ذات ﻣﻴﺰان اﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﻄﻮﻟﻰ

             اﻟﻀﺒﻂ اﻟﻤﺆﻗﺖ ﻟﻠﻤﻮازﻳﻦ ذات ﻣﻴﺰان اﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﻄﻮﻟﻰ

1

2

3

4

٧٤

٧٤

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

             اﻟﻀﺒﻂ اﻟﻤﺆﻗﺖ ﻟﻠﻤﻮازﻳﻦ ذات ﻣﻴﺰان اﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﺪاﺋﺮى

             اﻟﻀﺒﻂ اﻟﻤﺆﻗﺖ ﻟﻠﻤﻮازﻳﻦ ذات ﻣﻴﺰان اﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﺪاﺋﺮى

1

2

3

4

٨٤

٨٤

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

       أﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ وﻗﺮاءة اﻟﻘﺎﻣﺔ

       أﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ وﻗﺮاءة اﻟﻘﺎﻣﺔ

Reading the Rod

Reading the Rod

٩٤

٩٤

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

      ﺧﻄﻮات اﻟﺮﺻﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﻣﺔ

      ﺧﻄﻮات اﻟﺮﺻﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﻣﺔ

 

 

Focusing the staff

Focusing the staff

 

 

1

2

3

4

  ﻗﺮاءة اﻟﺸﻌﺮة اﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ

 =

٣٩٩٫٢

٠٥

٠٥

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

    آﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻗﺮاءة اﻟﻘﺎﻣﺔ

    آﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻗﺮاءة اﻟﻘﺎﻣﺔ

1.100

1.110

1.120

1.130

1.133

١٥

١٥

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

      ﻣﺜﺎل ﺁﺧﺮ ﻟﻘﺮاءة اﻟﻘﺎﻣﺔ

      ﻣﺜﺎل ﺁﺧﺮ ﻟﻘﺮاءة اﻟﻘﺎﻣﺔ

٢٥

٢٥

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

            ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان واﻟﻘﺎﻣﺔ

            ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان واﻟﻘﺎﻣﺔ

       ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺷﻌﺮات اﻻﺳﺘﺎدﻳﺎ

       ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺷﻌﺮات اﻻﺳﺘﺎدﻳﺎ

         ﻗﺮاءة اﻟﺸﻌﺮة اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻰ

         ﻗﺮاءة اﻟﺸﻌﺮة اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻰ

  =

  =

٦٤٩٫٢

٦٤٩٫٢

 

 

      اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان واﻟﻘﺎﻣﺔ

      اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان واﻟﻘﺎﻣﺔ

)  =

)  =

٠٤٠٫٣

٠٤٠٫٣

 

 

–

–

 

 

٦٤٩٫٢

٦٤٩٫٢

 * (

 * (

٠٠١

٠٠١

 = 

 = 

٤٫٩

٤٫٩

 ﻣﺘﺮ

 ﻣﺘﺮ

         ﻗﺮاءة اﻟﺸﻌﺮة اﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ

         ﻗﺮاءة اﻟﺸﻌﺮة اﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ

  =

  =

٣٩٩٫٢

٣٩٩٫٢

          ﻗﺮاءة اﻟﺸﻌﺮة اﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ

          ﻗﺮاءة اﻟﺸﻌﺮة اﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ

   =

   =

٠٤٠٫٣

٠٤٠٫٣

  

  

٣٥

٣٥

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

   اﻟﺒﺎب اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ

   اﻟﺒﺎب اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ

–

–

       اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ

       اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ

    ﻃﺮق ﺗﺪوﻳﻦ وﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ

    ﻃﺮق ﺗﺪوﻳﻦ وﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ

٤٥

٤٥

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

       ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺘﺎن ﻟﺤﺴﺎب ﻣﻨﺎﺳﻴﺐ اﻟﻨﻘﻂ

       ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺘﺎن ﻟﺤﺴﺎب ﻣﻨﺎﺳﻴﺐ اﻟﻨﻘﻂ

١

١

-

-

        ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻨﺴﻮب ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان

        ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻨﺴﻮب ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان

٢

٢

-

-

  ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع واﻻﻧﺨﻔﺎض

  ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع واﻻﻧﺨﻔﺎض

     ﻓﻰ آﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺘﻴﻦ

     ﻓﻰ آﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺘﻴﻦ

:

:

       ا

       ا

-

-

            ﺗﺪون أرﺻﺎد اﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺠﺪاول اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻜﻞ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ

            ﺗﺪون أرﺻﺎد اﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺠﺪاول اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻜﻞ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ

      ب

      ب

-

-

     ﺗﺤﺴﺐ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﻴﺐ آﻞ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ

     ﺗﺤﺴﺐ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﻴﺐ آﻞ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ

   ـ     ﺟ

   ـ     ﺟ

-

-

     ﻳﺘﻢ اﺟﺮاء اﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﻰ آﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ

     ﻳﺘﻢ اﺟﺮاء اﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﻰ آﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ

:

:

    ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻨﺴﻮب ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان

    ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻨﺴﻮب ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان

        ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع واﻻﻧﺨﻔﺎض

        ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع واﻻﻧﺨﻔﺎض

       ﻣﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﻤﺆﺧﺮات

       ﻣﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﻤﺆﺧﺮات

–

–

        ﻣﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺎت

        ﻣﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺎت

=

=

    ﻣﻨﺴﻮب ﺁﺧﺮ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ

    ﻣﻨﺴﻮب ﺁﺧﺮ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ

–

–

    ﻣﻨﺴﻮب اول ﻧﻘﻄﺔ

    ﻣﻨﺴﻮب اول ﻧﻘﻄﺔ

        ﻣﺠﻤﻮع اﻻرﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎت

        ﻣﺠﻤﻮع اﻻرﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎت

–

–

        ﻣﺠﻤﻮع اﻻﻧﺨﻔﺎﺿﺎت

        ﻣﺠﻤﻮع اﻻﻧﺨﻔﺎﺿﺎت

=

=

   ﻣﻨﺴﻮب ﺁﺧﺮ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ

   ﻣﻨﺴﻮب ﺁﺧﺮ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ

–

–

    ﻣﻨﺴﻮب اول ﻧﻘﻄﺔ

    ﻣﻨﺴﻮب اول ﻧﻘﻄﺔ

**

**

      ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ

      ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ

:

:

                ﻳﺠﺐ ﻣﺮاﻋﺎة أن ﺗﺘﺴﺎوى ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺎت اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺎت ﻣﻊ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺎت اﻟﻤﺆﺧﺮات

                ﻳﺠﺐ ﻣﺮاﻋﺎة أن ﺗﺘﺴﺎوى ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺎت اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺎت ﻣﻊ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺎت اﻟﻤﺆﺧﺮات

                   ﺑﻘﺪر اﻹﻣﻜﺎن أﺛﻨﺎء اﻟﺮﺻﺪ

                   ﺑﻘﺪر اﻹﻣﻜﺎن أﺛﻨﺎء اﻟﺮﺻﺪ

٥٥

٥٥

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

١

١

-

-

     ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻨﺴﻮب ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان

     ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻨﺴﻮب ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان

Reduced Level method

Reduced Level method

  اﻟﻮﺿﻊ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺰان

  اﻟﻮﺿﻊ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺰان

A

A

C

C

E

E

D

D

F

F

B

B

   اﻟﻮﺿﻊ اﻷول ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺰان

   اﻟﻮﺿﻊ اﻷول ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺰان

BM

BM

   اﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﻣﺴﺎر اﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ

   اﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﻣﺴﺎر اﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ

G

G

٤٦٫١

٤٦٫١

١٠٫٢

١٠٫٢

٦٤٫٢

٦٤٫٢

٧٧٫٢

٧٧٫٢

٤٠٫٣

٤٠٫٣

٦٥٫١

٦٥٫١

١٩٫١

١٩٫١

٢٨٫١

٢٨٫١

٦٥

٦٥

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

١

١

-

-

    ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻨﺴﻮب ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان

    ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻨﺴﻮب ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان

   اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ

   اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ

   اﻟﻤﺆﺧﺮة

   اﻟﻤﺆﺧﺮة

 اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ

 اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ

  اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ

  اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ

   ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان

   ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان

   ﻣﻨﺴﻮب اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ

   ﻣﻨﺴﻮب اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ

A

A

 روﺑﻴﺮ

 روﺑﻴﺮ

٤٦٫١

٤٦٫١

٢٢٫٢٢

٢٢٫٢٢

B

B

١٠٫٢

١٠٫٢

C

C

٦٤٫٢

٦٤٫٢

D

D

٧٧٫٢

٧٧٫٢

E

E

  دوران

  دوران

٦٥٫١

٦٥٫١

٤٠٫٣

٤٠٫٣

F

F

١٩٫١

١٩٫١

G

G

٢٨٫١

٢٨٫١

   اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع

   اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع

  اﻟﻔﺮق

  اﻟﻔﺮق

   اﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ

   اﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ

٧٥

٧٥

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

١

١

-

-

    ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻨﺴﻮب ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان

    ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻨﺴﻮب ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان

   اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ

   اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ

   اﻟﻤﺆﺧﺮة

   اﻟﻤﺆﺧﺮة

 اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ

 اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ

  اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ

  اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ

   ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان

   ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان

   ﻣﻨﺴﻮب اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ

   ﻣﻨﺴﻮب اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ

A

A

 روﺑﻴﺮ

 روﺑﻴﺮ

٤٦٫١

٤٦٫١

٦٨٫٣٢

٦٨٫٣٢

٢٢٫٢٢

٢٢٫٢٢

B

B

١٠٫٢

١٠٫٢

C

C

٦٤٫٢

٦٤٫٢

D

D

٧٧٫٢

٧٧٫٢

E

E

  دوران

  دوران

٦٥٫١

٦٥٫١

٤٠٫٣

٤٠٫٣

F

F

١٩٫١

١٩٫١

G

G

٢٨٫١

٢٨٫١

   اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع

   اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع

  اﻟﻔﺮق

  اﻟﻔﺮق

   اﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ

   اﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ

٨٥

٨٥

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

١

١

-

-

    ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻨﺴﻮب ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان

    ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻨﺴﻮب ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان

   اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ

   اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ

   اﻟﻤﺆﺧﺮة

   اﻟﻤﺆﺧﺮة

 اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ

 اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ

  اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ

  اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ

   ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان

   ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان

   ﻣﻨﺴﻮب اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ

   ﻣﻨﺴﻮب اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ

A

A

 روﺑﻴﺮ

 روﺑﻴﺮ

٤٦٫١

٤٦٫١

٦٨٫٣٢

٦٨٫٣٢

٢٢٫٢٢

٢٢٫٢٢

B

B

١٠٫٢

١٠٫٢

٥٨٫١٢

٥٨٫١٢

C

C

٦٤٫٢

٦٤٫٢

D

D

٧٧٫٢

٧٧٫٢

E

E

  دوران

  دوران

٦٥٫١

٦٥٫١

٤٠٫٣

٤٠٫٣

F

F

١٩٫١

١٩٫١

G

G

٢٨٫١

٢٨٫١

   اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع

   اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع

  اﻟﻔﺮق

  اﻟﻔﺮق

   اﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ

   اﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ

٩٥

٩٥

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

١

١

-

-

    ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻨﺴﻮب ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان

    ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻨﺴﻮب ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان

   اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ

   اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ

   اﻟﻤﺆﺧﺮة

   اﻟﻤﺆﺧﺮة

 اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ

 اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ

  اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ

  اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ

   ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان

   ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان

   ﻣﻨﺴﻮب اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ

   ﻣﻨﺴﻮب اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ

A

A

 روﺑﻴﺮ

 روﺑﻴﺮ

٤٦٫١

٤٦٫١

٦٨٫٣٢

٦٨٫٣٢

٢٢٫٢٢

٢٢٫٢٢

B

B

١٠٫٢

١٠٫٢

٥٨٫١٢

٥٨٫١٢

C

C

٦٤٫٢

٦٤٫٢

٠٤٫١٢

٠٤٫١٢

D

D

٧٧٫٢

٧٧٫٢

E

E

  دوران

  دوران

٦٥٫١

٦٥٫١

٤٠٫٣

٤٠٫٣

F

F

١٩٫١

١٩٫١

G

G

٢٨٫١

٢٨٫١

   اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع

   اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع

  اﻟﻔﺮق

  اﻟﻔﺮق

   اﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ

   اﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ

٠٦

٠٦

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

١

١

-

-

    ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻨﺴﻮب ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان

    ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻨﺴﻮب ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان

   اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ

   اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ

   اﻟﻤﺆﺧﺮة

   اﻟﻤﺆﺧﺮة

 اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ

 اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ

  اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ

  اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ

   ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان

   ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان

   ﻣﻨﺴﻮب اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ

   ﻣﻨﺴﻮب اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ

A

A

 روﺑﻴﺮ

 روﺑﻴﺮ

٤٦٫١

٤٦٫١

٦٨٫٣٢

٦٨٫٣٢

٢٢٫٢٢

٢٢٫٢٢

B

B

١٠٫٢

١٠٫٢

٥٨٫١٢

٥٨٫١٢

C

C

٦٤٫٢

٦٤٫٢

٠٤٫١٢

٠٤٫١٢

D

D

٧٧٫٢

٧٧٫٢

٩٠٫١٢

٩٠٫١٢

E

E

  دوران

  دوران

٦٥٫١

٦٥٫١

٤٠٫٣

٤٠٫٣

F

F

١٩٫١

١٩٫١

G

G

٢٨٫١

٢٨٫١

   اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع

   اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع

  اﻟﻔﺮق

  اﻟﻔﺮق

   اﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ

   اﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ

١٦

١٦

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

١

١

-

-

    ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻨﺴﻮب ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان

    ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻨﺴﻮب ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان

   اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ

   اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ

   اﻟﻤﺆﺧﺮة

   اﻟﻤﺆﺧﺮة

 اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ

 اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ

  اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ

  اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ

   ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان

   ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان

   ﻣﻨﺴﻮب اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ

   ﻣﻨﺴﻮب اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ

A

A

 روﺑﻴﺮ

 روﺑﻴﺮ

٤٦٫١

٤٦٫١

٦٨٫٣٢

٦٨٫٣٢

٢٢٫٢٢

٢٢٫٢٢

B

B

١٠٫٢

١٠٫٢

٥٨٫١٢

٥٨٫١٢

C

C

٦٤٫٢

٦٤٫٢

٠٤٫١٢

٠٤٫١٢

D

D

٧٧٫٢

٧٧٫٢

٩٠٫١٢

٩٠٫١٢

E

E

  دوران

  دوران

٦٥٫١

٦٥٫١

٤٠٫٣

٤٠٫٣

٢٨٫٠٢

٢٨٫٠٢

F

F

١٩٫١

١٩٫١

G

G

٢٨٫١

٢٨٫١

   اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع

   اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع

  اﻟﻔﺮق

  اﻟﻔﺮق

   اﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ

   اﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ

٢٦

٢٦

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

١

١

-

-

    ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻨﺴﻮب ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان

    ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻨﺴﻮب ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان

   اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ

   اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ

   اﻟﻤﺆﺧﺮة

   اﻟﻤﺆﺧﺮة

 اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ

 اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ

  اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ

  اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ

   ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان

   ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان

   ﻣﻨﺴﻮب اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ

   ﻣﻨﺴﻮب اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ

A

A

 روﺑﻴﺮ

 روﺑﻴﺮ

٤٦٫١

٤٦٫١

٦٨٫٣٢

٦٨٫٣٢

٢٢٫٢٢

٢٢٫٢٢

B

B

١٠٫٢

١٠٫٢

٥٨٫١٢

٥٨٫١٢

C

C

٦٤٫٢

٦٤٫٢

٠٤٫١٢

٠٤٫١٢

D

D

٧٧٫٢

٧٧٫٢

٩٠٫١٢

٩٠٫١٢

E

E

  دوران

  دوران

٦٥٫١

٦٥٫١

٤٠٫٣

٤٠٫٣

٨٣٫٢٢

٨٣٫٢٢

٢٨٫٠٢

٢٨٫٠٢

F

F

١٩٫١

١٩٫١

G

G

٢٨٫١

٢٨٫١

   اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع

   اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع

  اﻟﻔﺮق

  اﻟﻔﺮق

   اﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ

   اﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ

٣٦

٣٦

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

١

١

-

-

    ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻨﺴﻮب ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان

    ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻨﺴﻮب ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان

   اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ

   اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ

   اﻟﻤﺆﺧﺮة

   اﻟﻤﺆﺧﺮة

 اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ

 اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ

  اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ

  اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ

   ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان

   ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان

   ﻣﻨﺴﻮب اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ

   ﻣﻨﺴﻮب اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ

A

A

 روﺑﻴﺮ

 روﺑﻴﺮ

٤٦٫١

٤٦٫١

٦٨٫٣٢

٦٨٫٣٢

٢٢٫٢٢

٢٢٫٢٢

B

B

١٠٫٢

١٠٫٢

٥٨٫١٢

٥٨٫١٢

C

C

٦٤٫٢

٦٤٫٢

٠٤٫١٢

٠٤٫١٢

D

D

٧٧٫٢

٧٧٫٢

٩٠٫١٢

٩٠٫١٢

E

E

  دوران

  دوران

٦٥٫١

٦٥٫١

٤٠٫٣

٤٠٫٣

٨٣٫٢٢

٨٣٫٢٢

٢٨٫٠٢

٢٨٫٠٢

F

F

١٩٫١

١٩٫١

٧٤٫٠٢

٧٤٫٠٢

G

G

٢٨٫١

٢٨٫١

   اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع

   اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع

  اﻟﻔﺮق

  اﻟﻔﺮق

   اﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ

   اﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ

٤٦

٤٦

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

١

١

-

-

    ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻨﺴﻮب ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان

    ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻨﺴﻮب ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان

   اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ

   اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ

   اﻟﻤﺆﺧﺮة

   اﻟﻤﺆﺧﺮة

 اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ

 اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ

  اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ

  اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ

   ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان

   ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان

   ﻣﻨﺴﻮب اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ

   ﻣﻨﺴﻮب اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ

A

A

 روﺑﻴﺮ

 روﺑﻴﺮ

٤٦٫١

٤٦٫١

٦٨٫٣٢

٦٨٫٣٢

٢٢٫٢٢

٢٢٫٢٢

B

B

١٠٫٢

١٠٫٢

٥٨٫١٢

٥٨٫١٢

C

C

٦٤٫٢

٦٤٫٢

٠٤٫١٢

٠٤٫١٢

D

D

٧٧٫٢

٧٧٫٢

٩٠٫١٢

٩٠٫١٢

E

E

  دوران

  دوران

٦٥٫١

٦٥٫١

٤٠٫٣

٤٠٫٣

٨٣٫٢٢

٨٣٫٢٢

٢٨٫٠٢

٢٨٫٠٢

F

F

١٩٫١

١٩٫١

٧٤٫٠٢

٧٤٫٠٢

G

G

٢٨٫١

٢٨٫١

٦٥٫٠٢

٦٥٫٠٢

   اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع

   اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع

  اﻟﻔﺮق

  اﻟﻔﺮق

   اﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ

   اﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ

٥٦

٥٦

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

١

١

-

-

    ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻨﺴﻮب ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان

    ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻨﺴﻮب ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان

   اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ

   اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ

   اﻟﻤﺆﺧﺮة

   اﻟﻤﺆﺧﺮة

 اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ

 اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ

  اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ

  اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ

   ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان

   ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان

   ﻣﻨﺴﻮب اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ

   ﻣﻨﺴﻮب اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ

A

A

 روﺑﻴﺮ

 روﺑﻴﺮ

٤٦٫١

٤٦٫١

٦٨٫٣٢

٦٨٫٣٢

٢٢٫٢٢

٢٢٫٢٢

B

B

١٠٫٢

١٠٫٢

٥٨٫١٢

٥٨٫١٢

C

C

٦٤٫٢

٦٤٫٢

٠٤٫١٢

٠٤٫١٢

D

D

٧٧٫٢

٧٧٫٢

٩٠٫١٢

٩٠٫١٢

E

E

  دوران

  دوران

٦٥٫١

٦٥٫١

٤٠٫٣

٤٠٫٣

٨٣٫٢٢

٨٣٫٢٢

٢٨٫٠٢

٢٨٫٠٢

F

F

١٩٫١

١٩٫١

٧٤٫٠٢

٧٤٫٠٢

G

G

٢٨٫١

٢٨٫١

٦٥٫٠٢

٦٥٫٠٢

   اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع

   اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع

٠٢٫٣

٠٢٫٣

٦٨٫٤

٦٨٫٤

  اﻟﻔﺮق

  اﻟﻔﺮق

-

-

٦٦٫١

٦٦٫١

   اﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ

   اﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ

٦٦

٦٦

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

١

١

-

-

    ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻨﺴﻮب ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان

    ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻨﺴﻮب ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان

   اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ

   اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ

   اﻟﻤﺆﺧﺮة

   اﻟﻤﺆﺧﺮة

 اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ

 اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ

  اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ

  اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ

   ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان

   ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان

   ﻣﻨﺴﻮب اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ

   ﻣﻨﺴﻮب اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ

A

A

 روﺑﻴﺮ

 روﺑﻴﺮ

٤٦٫١

٤٦٫١

٦٨٫٣٢

٦٨٫٣٢

٢٢٫٢٢

٢٢٫٢٢

B

B

١٠٫٢

١٠٫٢

٥٨٫١٢

٥٨٫١٢

C

C

٦٤٫٢

٦٤٫٢

٠٤٫١٢

٠٤٫١٢

D

D

٧٧٫٢

٧٧٫٢

٩٠٫١٢

٩٠٫١٢

E

E

  دوران

  دوران

٦٥٫١

٦٥٫١

٤٠٫٣

٤٠٫٣

٨٣٫٢٢

٨٣٫٢٢

٢٨٫٠٢

٢٨٫٠٢

F

F

١٩٫١

١٩٫١

٧٤٫٠٢

٧٤٫٠٢

G

G

٢٨٫١

٢٨٫١

٦٥٫٠٢

٦٥٫٠٢

   اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع

   اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع

٠٢٫٣

٠٢٫٣

٦٨٫٤

٦٨٫٤

  اﻟﻔﺮق

  اﻟﻔﺮق

-

-

٦٦٫١

٦٦٫١

-

-

٦٦٫١

٦٦٫١

   اﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ

   اﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ

O.K

O.K

٧٦

٧٦

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

       ﻣﻠﺨﺺ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﻟﻠﺤﺴﺎب ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻨﺴﻮب ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان

       ﻣﻠﺨﺺ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﻟﻠﺤﺴﺎب ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻨﺴﻮب ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان

 اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ

 اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ

اﻟﻤﺆﺧﺮة

اﻟﻤﺆﺧﺮة

 اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ

 اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ

اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ

اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ

ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان

ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان

   ﻣﻨﺴﻮب اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ

   ﻣﻨﺴﻮب اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ

A

A

 روﺑﻴﺮ

 روﺑﻴﺮ

٤٦٫١

٤٦٫١

٦٨٫٣٢

٦٨٫٣٢

٢٢٫٢٢

٢٢٫٢٢

B

B

١٠٫٢

١٠٫٢

٥٨٫١٢

٥٨٫١٢

C

C

٦٤٫٢

٦٤٫٢

٠٤٫١٢

٠٤٫١٢

D

D

٧٧٫٢

٧٧٫٢

٩٠٫١٢

٩٠٫١٢

دوران

دوران

٦٥٫١

٦٥٫١

٤٠٫٣

٤٠٫٣

٨٣٫٢٢

٨٣٫٢٢

٢٨٫٠٢

٢٨٫٠٢

F

F

١٩٫١

١٩٫١

٧٤٫٠٢

٧٤٫٠٢

G

G

٢٨٫١

٢٨٫١

٦٥٫٠٢

٦٥٫٠٢

 اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع

 اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع

٠٢٫٣

٠٢٫٣

٦٨٫٤

٦٨٫٤

اﻟﻔﺮق

اﻟﻔﺮق

-

-

٦٦٫١

٦٦٫١

-

-

٦٦٫١

٦٦٫١

اﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ

اﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ

O.K.

O.K.

  اﻟﻮﺿﻊ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺰان

A

C

E

D

F

B

 اﻟﻮﺿﻊ اﻷول ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺰان

BM

      اﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﻣﺴﺎر اﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ

G

٤٦٫١

١٠٫٢

٦٤٫٢

٧٧٫٢

٤٠٫٣

٦٥٫١

١٩٫١

٢٨٫١

٨٦

٨٦

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

٢

٢

-

-

 ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع واﻻﻧﺨﻔﺎض

 ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع واﻻﻧﺨﻔﺎض

  

  

Rise and Fall method

Rise and Fall method

  اﻟﻮﺿﻊ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺰان

  اﻟﻮﺿﻊ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺰان

A

A

C

C

E

E

D

D

F

F

B

B

   اﻟﻮﺿﻊ اﻷول ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺰان

   اﻟﻮﺿﻊ اﻷول ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺰان

BM

BM

   اﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﻣﺴﺎر اﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ

   اﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﻣﺴﺎر اﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ

G

G

٤٦٫١

٤٦٫١

١٠٫٢

١٠٫٢

٦٤٫٢

٦٤٫٢

٧٧٫٢

٧٧٫٢

٤٠٫٣

٤٠٫٣

٦٥٫١

٦٥٫١

١٩٫١

١٩٫١

٢٨٫١

٢٨٫١

٩٦

٩٦

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

٢

٢

-

-

 ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع واﻻﻧﺨﻔﺎض

 ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع واﻻﻧﺨﻔﺎض

   اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ

   اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ

a

a

   اﻟﻤﺆﺧﺮة

   اﻟﻤﺆﺧﺮة

 اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ

 اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ

  اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ

  اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ

  ارﺗﻔﺎع

  ارﺗﻔﺎع

(+)

(+)

     اﻧﺨﻔﺎض

     اﻧﺨﻔﺎض

)

)

-

-

(

(

   ﻣﻨﺴﻮب اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ

   ﻣﻨﺴﻮب اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ

A

A

 روﺑﻴﺮ

 روﺑﻴﺮ

٤٦٫١

٤٦٫١

٢٢٫٢٢

٢٢٫٢٢

B

B

١٠٫٢

١٠٫٢

C

C

٦٤٫٢

٦٤٫٢

D

D

٧٧٫٢

٧٧٫٢

E

E

  دوران

  دوران

٦٥٫١

٦٥٫١

٤٠٫٣

٤٠٫٣

F

F

١٩٫١

١٩٫١

G

G

٢٨٫١

٢٨٫١

   اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع

   اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع

  اﻟﻔﺮق

  اﻟﻔﺮق

   اﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ

   اﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ

٠٧

٠٧

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

٢

٢

-

-

 ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع واﻻﻧﺨﻔﺎض

 ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع واﻻﻧﺨﻔﺎض

   اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ

   اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ

a

a

   اﻟﻤﺆﺧﺮة

   اﻟﻤﺆﺧﺮة

 اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ

 اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ

  اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ

  اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ

  ارﺗﻔﺎع

  ارﺗﻔﺎع

(+)

(+)

     اﻧﺨﻔﺎض

     اﻧﺨﻔﺎض

)

)

-

-

(

(

   ﻣﻨﺴﻮب اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ

   ﻣﻨﺴﻮب اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ

A

A

 روﺑﻴﺮ

 روﺑﻴﺮ

٤٦٫١

٤٦٫١

٢٢٫٢٢

٢٢٫٢٢

B

B

١٠٫٢

١٠٫٢

٧٣٫٠

٧٣٫٠

C

C

٦٤٫٢

٦٤٫٢

D

D

٧٧٫٢

٧٧٫٢

E

E

  دوران

  دوران

٦٥٫١

٦٥٫١

٤٠٫٣

٤٠٫٣

F

F

١٩٫١

١٩٫١

G

G

٢٨٫١

٢٨٫١

   اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع

   اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع

  اﻟﻔﺮق

  اﻟﻔﺮق

   اﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ

   اﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ

١٧

١٧

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

٢

٢

-

-

 ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع واﻻﻧﺨﻔﺎض

 ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع واﻻﻧﺨﻔﺎض

   اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ

   اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ

a

a

   اﻟﻤﺆﺧﺮة

   اﻟﻤﺆﺧﺮة

 اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ

 اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ

  اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ

  اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ

  ارﺗﻔﺎع

  ارﺗﻔﺎع

(+)

(+)

     اﻧﺨﻔﺎض

     اﻧﺨﻔﺎض

)

)

-

-

(

(

   ﻣﻨﺴﻮب اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ

   ﻣﻨﺴﻮب اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ

A

A

 روﺑﻴﺮ

 روﺑﻴﺮ

٤٦٫١

٤٦٫١

٢٢٫٢٢

٢٢٫٢٢

B

B

١٠٫٢

١٠٫٢

٧٣٫٠

٧٣٫٠

C

C

٦٤٫٢

٦٤٫٢

٥٤٫٠

٥٤٫٠

D

D

٧٧٫٢

٧٧٫٢

E

E

  دوران

  دوران

٦٥٫١

٦٥٫١

٤٠٫٣

٤٠٫٣

F

F

١٩٫١

١٩٫١

G

G

٢٨٫١

٢٨٫١

   اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع

   اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع

  اﻟﻔﺮق

  اﻟﻔﺮق

   اﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ

   اﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ

٢٧

٢٧

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

٢

٢

-

-

 ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع واﻻﻧﺨﻔﺎض

 ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع واﻻﻧﺨﻔﺎض

   اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ

   اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ

a

a

   اﻟﻤﺆﺧﺮة

   اﻟﻤﺆﺧﺮة

 اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ

 اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ

  اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ

  اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ

  ارﺗﻔﺎع

  ارﺗﻔﺎع

(+)

(+)

     اﻧﺨﻔﺎض

     اﻧﺨﻔﺎض

)

)

-

-

(

(

   ﻣﻨﺴﻮب اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ

   ﻣﻨﺴﻮب اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ

A

A

 روﺑﻴﺮ

 روﺑﻴﺮ

٤٦٫١

٤٦٫١

٢٢٫٢٢

٢٢٫٢٢

B

B

١٠٫٢

١٠٫٢

٧٣٫٠

٧٣٫٠

C

C

٦٤٫٢

٦٤٫٢

٥٤٫٠

٥٤٫٠

D

D

٧٧٫٢

٧٧٫٢

١٣٫٠

١٣٫٠

E

E

  دوران

  دوران

٦٥٫١

٦٥٫١

٤٠٫٣

٤٠٫٣

F

F

١٩٫١

١٩٫١

G

G

٢٨٫١

٢٨٫١

   اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع

   اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع

  اﻟﻔﺮق

  اﻟﻔﺮق

   اﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ

   اﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ

٣٧

٣٧

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

٢

٢

-

-

 ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع واﻻﻧﺨﻔﺎض

 ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع واﻻﻧﺨﻔﺎض

   اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ

   اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ

a

a

   اﻟﻤﺆﺧﺮة

   اﻟﻤﺆﺧﺮة

 اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ

 اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ

  اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ

  اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ

  ارﺗﻔﺎع

  ارﺗﻔﺎع

(+)

(+)

     اﻧﺨﻔﺎض

     اﻧﺨﻔﺎض

)

)

-

-

(

(

   ﻣﻨﺴﻮب اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ

   ﻣﻨﺴﻮب اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ

A

A

 روﺑﻴﺮ

 روﺑﻴﺮ

٤٦٫١

٤٦٫١

٢٢٫٢٢

٢٢٫٢٢

B

B

١٠٫٢

١٠٫٢

٧٣٫٠

٧٣٫٠

C

C

٦٤٫٢

٦٤٫٢

٥٤٫٠

٥٤٫٠

D

D

٧٧٫٢

٧٧٫٢

١٣٫٠

١٣٫٠

E

E

  دوران

  دوران

٦٥٫١

٦٥٫١

٤٠٫٣

٤٠٫٣

٧٢٫٠

٧٢٫٠

F

F

١٩٫١

١٩٫١

G

G

٢٨٫١

٢٨٫١

   اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع

   اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع

  اﻟﻔﺮق

  اﻟﻔﺮق

   اﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ

   اﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ

٤٧

٤٧

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

٢

٢

-

-

 ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع واﻻﻧﺨﻔﺎض

 ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع واﻻﻧﺨﻔﺎض

   اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ

   اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ

a

a

   اﻟﻤﺆﺧﺮة

   اﻟﻤﺆﺧﺮة

 اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ

 اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ

  اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ

  اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ

  ارﺗﻔﺎع

  ارﺗﻔﺎع

(+)

(+)

     اﻧﺨﻔﺎض

     اﻧﺨﻔﺎض

)

)

-

-

(

(

   ﻣﻨﺴﻮب اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ

   ﻣﻨﺴﻮب اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ

A

A

 روﺑﻴﺮ

 روﺑﻴﺮ

٤٦٫١

٤٦٫١

٢٢٫٢٢

٢٢٫٢٢

B

B

١٠٫٢

١٠٫٢

٧٣٫٠

٧٣٫٠

C

C

٦٤٫٢

٦٤٫٢

٥٤٫٠

٥٤٫٠

D

D

٧٧٫٢

٧٧٫٢

١٣٫٠

١٣٫٠

E

E

  دوران

  دوران

٦٥٫١

٦٥٫١

٤٠٫٣

٤٠٫٣

٧٢٫٠

٧٢٫٠

F

F

١٩٫١

١٩٫١

٥٣٫٠

٥٣٫٠

G

G

٢٨٫١

٢٨٫١

   اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع

   اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع

  اﻟﻔﺮق

  اﻟﻔﺮق

   اﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ

   اﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ

٥٧

٥٧

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

٢

٢

-

-

 ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع واﻻﻧﺨﻔﺎض

 ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع واﻻﻧﺨﻔﺎض

   اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ

   اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ

a

a

   اﻟﻤﺆﺧﺮة

   اﻟﻤﺆﺧﺮة

 اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ

 اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ

  اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ

  اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ

  ارﺗﻔﺎع

  ارﺗﻔﺎع

(+)

(+)

     اﻧﺨﻔﺎض

     اﻧﺨﻔﺎض

)

)

-

-

(

(

   ﻣﻨﺴﻮب اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ

   ﻣﻨﺴﻮب اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ

A

A

 روﺑﻴﺮ

 روﺑﻴﺮ

٤٦٫١

٤٦٫١

٢٢٫٢٢

٢٢٫٢٢

B

B

١٠٫٢

١٠٫٢

٧٣٫٠

٧٣٫٠

C

C

٦٤٫٢

٦٤٫٢

٥٤٫٠

٥٤٫٠

D

D

٧٧٫٢

٧٧٫٢

١٣٫٠

١٣٫٠

E

E

  دوران

  دوران

٦٥٫١

٦٥٫١

٤٠٫٣

٤٠٫٣

٧٢٫٠

٧٢٫٠

F

F

١٩٫١

١٩٫١

٥٣٫٠

٥٣٫٠

G

G

٢٨٫١

٢٨٫١

٩٠٫٠

٩٠٫٠

   اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع

   اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع

  اﻟﻔﺮق

  اﻟﻔﺮق

   اﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ

   اﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ