Reactive hyperplasia pptx - D. Hameed

Reactive hyperplasias

Exaggerations of normal histology.
• Expansion of all regions or selective expansion
• Some types characteristic of certain diseases, but most not
Follicular hyperplasia- increase in number and size of germinal centers, spread into paracortex, medullary areas
• Collagen vascular diseases
• Systemic toxoplasmosis
• Syphillis
Interfollicular hyperplasia- paracortex
• Skin diseases
• Viral infections
• Drug reactions
Sinus histiocytosis- expansion of the medullary sinus histiocytes-
• Adjacent cancer
• Infections

F. 63 ISOLATED ENLARGED LT. SUBMANDEBULAR LYMPH NODE

Follicular hyperplasia lymph node LP mic

There is marked differences in size of germinal centers, their well-circumscribed character, and the fact that they are surrounded by a well-defined mantle of lymphocytes

Lymphoma

Clonal malignant disorders that are derived from lymphoid cells: either precursor or mature T-cell or B-cell

Majority are of B- cell origin

Divided into 2 main types :
1. Hodgkin’s lymphoma
2. Non - Hodgkin’s lymphoma

Etiology

? Infection – EBV

? Environmental factors

REAL* Classification
Classic:
• Nodular Sclerosis
• Lymhocyte rich
• Mixed Cellularity
• Lymhocyte depleted
Non-Classic
• Nodular Lymphocyte predominant
*REAL – Revised European,American,lymphoma

Hodgkin Lymphoma
Nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma
Classical Hodgkin lymphoma
• Nodular sclerosis classical Hodgkin lymphoma
• Lymphocyte-rich classical Hodgkin lymphoma
• Mixed cellularity classical Hodgkin lymphoma
• Lymphocyte-depleted classical Hodgkin lymphoma

The etiology of Hodgkin's lymphoma remains

unknown, but there is considerable evidence to suggest
that the EBV plays an important role

Clinical features

Bimodal age distribution :
• young adults ( 20-30 yrs) & elderly (> 50yrs) May occur at any age
M > F
Lymphadenopathy:
• most often cervical region
• asymmetrical, discrete
• painless, non-tender
• elastic character on palpation ( rubbery)
• not adherent to skin
• fluctuate in size

Constitutional symptoms ( B symptoms )
• Night sweats,
• sustained fever > 38 degree celsius,
• loss of weight >10% of body weight in 6 mo
Fever sometimes cyclical (‘Pel-Ebstein fever’)
Pain at the site of disease after drinking alcohol
Pallor
Pruritis
Symptoms of Bulky (>10 cm) disease

Gross features

lymph nodes involved by Hodgkin's lymphoma are enlarged, sometimes massively
so. The gross appearance depend on the microscopic subtypes The consistency
varies from soft to hard depending on the amount of fibrosis
. Some degree of nodularity is often appreciated, particularly in the nodular sclerosis
Foci of necrosis may be present the cut surface of the node has a more heterogeneous
appearance than most non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. in advanced cases, several nodes from the same group
become matted together

CHD
Reed-Sternberg cell
The classic Reed-Sternberg cell, as seen in all subtypes of
classical Hodgkin's lymphoma, but not in NLPHL,

most important immunocytochemical profile of the Reed-

Sternberg cell is
. CD15 (Leu-Ml): This is expressed in over 80% of the
cases; the pattern may be paranuclear (corresponding
to the Golgi region), diffuse cytoplasmic, and/or corresponding
to the cell membrane.
. CD30 (Ki-1): As recqgnized by the monoclonal antibody
Be-Hz, this is found in approximately 90% of the
cases, .
. CD45 (1CA): This is expressed in less than 10% of the
cases.
. .
. CD40 (a protein present in B cells and nerve growth
factor receptor): This is expressed in approximately 70%.
. CD74: This is e~pressed i~ over 75%.

Hodgkin's Histologic subtypes
Are characteristic patterns of involvement, and characteristic variants of Reed Sternberg cell associated with different subtypes
Nodular sclerosing HL
• Most common type Hodgkin's lymphoma in US/Europe
• Usually presents in the anterior mediastinum and neck of young adult females
• Characterized by fibrotic capsule and bands subdividing tissue and
• Lacunar variant Reed Sternberg cell

Histologic subtypes 2

Lymphocyte predominant
• Usually presents with limited disease in the neck of young adults
• Associated with L and H (lymphocytic and histiocytic) or "popcorn cell" variant RS cell
Mixed cellularity
• More extensive disease
• Older patients than NS and LP
• More R-S cells, eosinophils, plasma cells
• Mononuclear variant R-S cells
• Inherently more aggressive disease
Lymphocyte depleted
• Often presents in retroperitoneum, older patients
• Accompanied by loss lymphocytes, sclerosis and pleomorphic RS cell variants
• Also more aggressive disease

General and clinical features

Hodgkin's lymphoma comprises approximately 20% to30% of all malignant lymphomas in the United Statesand Western Europe but a much lower percentage inJapan and other Oriental countries.
with a peak at 15 to 40 years and a second,
smaller peak in the seventh decade
In poorly developed countries,
there is a high incidence in children, a relatively low
incidence in the 15- to 40-year age group,

• The is a male predominent (approximately 1.5 to 1) in all microscopic types except nodular sclerosis
• . The disease may present in a variety of ways
• the most common (approximately 90% of the cases) being painless enlargement of superficial (usually cervical) lymph node
• Fever, night sweats, and loss of weight (so-called "B symptoms") occur in approximately 25% of the cases; their presence influences the clinical staging
• Pruritus is also frequent.

Patterns of spread

Hodgkin's lymphoma spreads contiguously via lymphatics
Staging as in NHL- may or may not include laparotomy/splenectomy

Prognosis

Hodgkin's lymphoma is a curable malignancy
Overall cure rate approximately 80%
With modern therapy, prognosis based more on staging, bulk of disease, than morphologic subtype

M. 63Y. PELVIC AND GROIN LYMPHADENOPATHY

M.57Y. ISOLATED CERVICAL LYMPHADENOPATHY

F. 41Y.CERVICAL LYMPHADEOPATHY AND SPLEENOMEGALY

PB 14783 – 05 M.78Y. WEIGHT LOSS, DIARRHOEA, LT. GRIN LYMPHADENOPATHY

LCA
CD15
CD30
CD3
CD20

M. 39Y. PARA AORTIC, MESENTRIC LYMPHADEOPATHY,ANAEMIA,LETHARGY, NODE BIOPSY

NSCHD

M. 39Y. PARA AORTIC, MESENTRIC LYMPHADEOPATHY,ANAEMIA,LETHARGY, NODE BIOPSY

Hodgkin's disease, nodular sclerosis type, lacunar cell HP mic

large cells with a surrounding prominent clear space, an artefact of formalin fixation. These are the lacunar cells characteristic for the nodular sclerosis type of Hodgkin's disease.

M. 39Y. PARA AORTIC, MESENTRIC LYMPHADEOPATHY,ANAEMIA,LETHARGY, NODE BIOPSY

CD45

CD20

CD15

CD30
EBV
CD3