Acne vulgaris
Overview
Acne vulgaris is the most common cutaneous disorder.
It affects about 99% of teenagers in industrialized nations..
Patients can experience significant psychological morbidity and,
rarely, mortality due to suicide.
affects all races and ethnicities with equal significance.
Darker skinned patients at increased risk for developing post-
inflammatory hyper-pigmentation and keloids.
Definition
Acne vulgaris, more commonly referred to simply as acne, is a chronic
inflammatory disorder of the pilocebaceous unit.
Pathogenesis:
Increased sebum production (androgens)
Abnormal keratosis (androgens)
bacterial proliferation (Propionibacterium acnes)
inflammation
Propionibacterium Acne
Propionibacterium acnes is a gram-positive, non-motil rods relatively
slow growing typically aerotolerant anaerobic.
Pathophysiology
• The initial step in the development of acne is the formation of the
microcomedon: Follicular keratinocytes that exhibit increased
cohesiveness do not shed normally, leading to retention and
accumulation of sebum.
• Androgens stimulate enlargement of sebaceous glands and
increased sebum production, and the abnormal keratinaceo-us
material and sebum collect in the microcomedon.
• This leads to a build-up of pressure, and whorled lamellar
concretions develop. At this stage, a non-inflammatory comedon
may be seen clinically.
• This micro-environment allows the proliferation of bacterium,
which is part of the normal flora of follicles. This gram-positive
rod has low virulence but is capable of metabolising triglycerides
and releasing free fatty acids. This metabolism, as well as its
ability to activate complement, produces pro-inflammatory
mediators, including neutrophil chemo-attractants.
• With increased pressure and recruitment of inflammatory
mediators, the microcomedon may rupture and release
immunogenic keratin and sebum, thus stimulating an even greater
inflammatory response
Clinical Manifestations:
• Closed comedone (whitehead) - a clogged follicle. Whiteheads
usually appear on the skin as small, round, white bumps.
• Open comedone (blackhead) - a plugged follicle that opens and
turns dark at the surface of the skin. Blackheads do not indicate
the presence of dirt.
• Papules - inflamed lesions that appear as small, pink bumps on the
skin.
• Pustules (pimples) - inflamed pus filled lesions that are red at the
base.
• Cysts and nodules - large, inflamed, pus filled lesions deep under
the skin that can cause pain and scarring.
Open comedones (blackhead)
when follicular orifice is opened and distended.
Melanin + packed
keratinocytes + oxidized
lipids dark colour
Whitehead and blackheads
• Local symptoms :
include pain
tenderness.
• Systemic symptoms : most often absent
Classification
• Comedonal acne: Only comedons
• Mild acne: Less than 20 pustules.
• Moderate to severe acne: More than 20 pustules
Antibiotics:
• Topical (clindamycin and erythromycin) and systemic antibiotics
used in the treatment of acne vulgaris are directed
at Propionibacterium acnes.
Minocycline
Doxycycline (50 t0 200 mg / day for 3 months)
Tetracycline
Lymecycline
Retinoids:
• These agents decrease the cohesiveness of abnormal
hyperproliferative keratinocytes.
Isotretinoin (systemic) 0.5 - 1 mg per kg over 4 to 6 months
Indications?
Tretinoin (topical) cream (0.025%, 0.05%, 0.1%)